论1987年超新星爆发后续现象的不同解释

1987年2月23日发生了超新星爆发,在1987A超新星的第一批光子抵达前7.7h,意大利布朗峰下的探测器检测到第1批中微子到达,包含5个事件。而在第1批光子抵达前3h,第2批中微子抵达,日本神岗Ⅱ的探测器收到11个,美国Ohio州的IMB探测器收到8个,前苏联Baksan的探测器收到5个。这怎么会发生,一直没有得到合理的解释。本文认为有3种可能:1光子速度为光速c,中微子速度是超光速;2中微子速度为c,光子速度为亚光速;3中微子速度为超光速,光子速度为亚光速。从最近的研究来分析,可能发生了情况3。本文先论述引力势造成的光速值修正,包含两个理论——Einstein的(1911年)和Franson的(2014年)。这些理论都预期引力势使光速减小,从而使光速c成为不恒定的常数;而这就损害了狭义相对论的基础。Franson考虑了量子力学的Hamilton量中引入有质量粒子的引力势能所带来的影响,并依靠了Schr?dinger方程这样的非相对论性理论;所得结果基本上与超新星SN1987A的观测相符。回顾2011年9月22日公布的在意大利进行的中微子超光速实验,即使它的结果错了,也不能完全抹杀OPERA实验的意义。其时中微子速度由飞行距离与飞行时间之比确定,这是Newton力学的方式。OPERA研究人员对CERN与探测器间约730km距离的测量精度达20cm,而相应时差的测量精度达10ns。因此,确定中微子速度的最佳方法仍应像OPERA实验那样去测量距离和时间。别的研究方法,例如以“虚数静止质量”概念为基础的方法,由于物理意义不明又不能直接测量,在科学上没有多少价值。     

中微子混合、振荡参数计算及物理机制分析

粒子物理的标准模型认定中微子静质量mv=0，超神冈实验指出mv≠0，据此用第一代中微子的质量mv,(即“反常质量”)，导出二、三两代中微子的“反常质量”mvμ，mvτ．进而求出中微子混合的重要参数：代际中微子质量平方差(m^2vi-m^2vj达量级之大(i≠j)，卡比玻角θc亦与夸克混合角相近，认为中微子应存在混合和振荡．并对混合和振荡的物理机制作了讨论．     

自然界可能存在超光速粒子

实验发现中微子的质量平方是负值。根据这一事实,对比Dirac方程和虚质量的Dirac方程,提出了一个超光速中微子的量子方程。一个虚粒子可以看作是超光速粒子。这个方程的显著特征是,时空反演是对称性的,而空间反演对称性有最大的破坏。     

中微子超光速、洛伦兹对称性破坏和质量起源

本文评述OPERA实验声称的中微子超光速测量结果及其可信度;指出超光速效应将预示洛伦兹对称性破坏。然后,着重分析可能的洛伦兹对称性破坏效应应该发生的合理能量尺度,揭示这个尺度应该是普朗克能标10¹⁹GeV,比OPERA实验测量的实际能标17GeV高出18个数量级,这表明理论上预期OPERA实验可能观测到的超光速效应应该是10¹⁸量级,而非目前OPERA实验结果宣称的10^-5量级。本文进一步指出,现代相对论性量子场论完全可以自洽地描述中微子;但是,包括中微子在内的一切已知基本粒子质量的起源都必须借助于希格斯粒子（或称"上帝粒子"）,而上帝粒子至今尚未被发现,其质量又必须位于100-1000GeV范围,远远低于普朗克尺度。对这个粒子的探测是目前欧洲核子中心CERN正在运行的大型强子对撞机LHC的核心目标,发现或者彻底排除这个"上帝粒子"并由此揭示自然界一切基本粒子质量的起源是整个物理学界乃至科学界翘首期盼的划时代革命。     

中微子超光速与宇宙加速膨胀

由中微子超光速推导出中微子的质量是虚数,也就是说中微子是具有虚质量的微观粒子.本文认为任何物质的质量、动量和能量都应该用复数来描述.随后提出了两个假设:1)中微子(或其它虚质量粒子)是组成暗能量的基本粒子;2)对普通物质适用的一切物理定律对暗物质和暗能量同样适用.基于这两个假设,根据万有引力定律导出了暗能量粒子之间的相互作用是万有斥力,这是导致宇宙加速膨胀的根本原因.     

中微子质量的天文测定

本文讨论了从宇宙中微子成团现象测定中微子质量的方法。一是由中微子天体的形成温度来确定中微子质量;二是由星系的形成来确定中微子的质量。讨论中考虑了三种中微子间存在质量隙和存在振荡的情况。结果表明:中微子质量可能在1ev左右,低于文献的测定值。     

中微子获得质量和电荷的物理根源

解释了中微子获得质量和电荷的物理根源,它是中微子内部亚夸克动力学所导致的结构性效应,中微子点模型不能对此作出解释。     

二参量描述的超光速中微子述的超光速中微子

根据中微子质量平方是负值的实验数据，提出了一个关于超光速中微子的量子理论，用一个和最大宇称破坏相关的质量项将两个Weyl方程耦合在一起，得到一个描述具有永久螺旋度且超光速运动的中微子的新方程，超光速粒子的速度在（0，∞）范围内变化，其内部上干迭加的两个矛盾场的相对变化导致亚光速粒子和超光速粒子的各种奇异特性，这个理论和狭义相对论是兼容的，因而可以有多方面的应用。     

中微子星

宇宙中存在大量中微子。这些中微子除了以中微子背景辐射(每立方厘米数百个,温度约2°K)和宇宙线的形式存在外,还能以中微子星的形式存在。由于引力不稳定性,中微子可能积聚成恒星。这里的一个必要条条件是中微子静质量不为零。1979年4月南京高能天体物理讨讨班上我们指出,对中微子除了左手分量外引进右手分量,对反中微子除了右手分量外引进左手分量,和目前粒子物理实验并不矛盾,因而假定中微子     

有关中微子质量的最新报道

最近,美国、法国、瑞士和苏联的一些科学家在实验中发现了中微子是有质量的.他们的实验尚需反复进行,以求最后证实这一点.要是他们的实验结果是正确的,那就意味着中微子是宇宙中最重要的一种物质,它们可以通过自身的引力来阻止宇宙的膨胀. 中微子是由原子核里的中子衰变时产生的.它无处不有.据信,在每一立方厘米的宇宙空间中,就有大约一百个中微子.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with