Thermal adaptation of the large-scale circulation to the summer heating over the Tibetan Plateau

The potential vorticity equation is employed to diagnose the variation in the large-scale atmospheric circulation in July by using the NCAR/NCEP daily reanalysis data from 1986 to 1995. Based on the theogy of thermal adaptation, the schematic diagram of the formation and maintenance of the circulation over the Tibetan Plateau is revealed in this paper. The result shows that near the surface of ground is the positive potential vorticity source produced by the increasing diabatic heating with height, which maintains the cyclonic circulation, and that the positive Ertel potential vorticitv (PV) source is balanced by friction dissipation. On the other hand, in the upper troposphere the negative PV produced by the decreasing diabatic heating with height maintains the anticyclone, and it is balanced by the divergence of the negative PV. The Gauss' theorem has been applied to analyze the Ertel potential vorticity flux crossing each of the lateral boundaries of the area over the Tibetan Plateau. The result shows that the negative PV flux is transferred through the eastern and northern boundaries of the area from the Tibetan Plateau region to the outer world. It is evident that the Tibetan Plateau region is an important source of negative vorticity of the atmosphere.     

1998年夏季江淮地区强暴雨过程的湿位涡诊断分析

为了研究梅雨期江淮流域暴雨发生发展的特征,利用HUBEX资料,根据湿位涡守恒原理和倾斜涡度发展理论,分析了江淮地区2次强暴雨的发生发展的原因。结果表明：2次暴雨是在不同性质的层结状态下发生的,其湿位涡的分布有较大差异。在局地对流稳定条件下,暴雨区上空对流层中、低层Pm1＞0,Pm2＜0,并且（Pm1）的绝对值＞（Pm2）的绝对值,对流层中、低层的垂直风切变和大气的斜压性使垂直涡度显著发展,导致暴雨发生。在局地对流不稳定的条件下,暴雨区上空对流层中、低层Pm1＜0,Pm2＞0,也满足（Pm1）的绝对值＞（Pm2）的绝对值,暴雨过程是对流不稳定和斜压不稳定共同作用的结果。无论是对流稳定或不稳定的强降水过程,Pm1和Pm2均能反映出降水的触发机制和特征,对于暴雨的预报和诊断具有指导意义。     

2012年8月12-13日豫西暴雨过程分析

利用MICAPS常规气象观测资料、NCEP1°×1°6小时分析资料、三门峡多普勒天气雷达资料、自动雨量站资料对2012年8月12-13日豫西地区的暴雨天气过程进行诊断分析,结果表明：①台风“海葵”登陆减弱后的低压环流与中纬度低槽相配合,是造成此次豫西暴雨的主要原因.②前期气温较高,不稳定能量大量积聚,冷锋的影响为冲破不稳定层结提供了外部抬升条件.③减弱后的台风“海葵”带来的我国东部沿海的水汽输送与低层剧烈水汽辐合为此次暴雨提供了所需的水汽.④大范围上升运动区的出现和发展,为强降水的产生提供了动力条件.⑤本次暴雨过程中,高层湿位涡正压项大值区向下伸展,中低层气旋性涡度增大,上升运动加强,有利于降水加强,因此高层湿位涡侵入下伸,对暴雨起到增幅作用.     

Diagnostic analysis of the asymmetric structure of the simulated landfalling typhoon "Haitang"

The landfalling processes of Typhoon "Haitang" near Lianjiang of Fujian Province of China from 00 UTC 19 to 12 UTC 20 July 2005 were reproduced by using the nesting non-hydrostatic WRF model and data assimilation technology (Level II Doppler radar data of Changle of Fujian Province are assimilated to the simulation every one hour from 01 to 06 UTC 19 July 2005).The mesoscale structure and evolution of the typhoon before,during,and after its landfall were discussed.The simulation data show that the assimilation experiment with the high temporal-and-spatial-resolution radar radial velocity and reflectivity data can produce much better simulation of the typhoon track,intensity evolution and landfalling location than the control experiment without assimilating radar data.By using the assimilation experimental data,the mesoscale fine-mesh structure and evolution before and after typhoon landfall were analyzed.Because of the influence of sea-land thermodynamic difference,two asymmetric convective regions were located at ocean and land,respectively.To better understand and investigate the asymmetric-structure characteristics of the landfalling typhoon,several dynamical diagnostic tools,the helicity (H),the moist potential vorticity (MPV),the convective vorticity vector (CW),the moist vorticity vector (MVV),which are associated with the development of strong convections,are introduced.Further analysis illuminates that the distributions of these physical diagnostic parameters are totally asymmetric,and subsequently,the associated convections also show distinct asymmetry.     

贵阳地区暴雨和冰雹湿位涡对比诊断分析

应用湿位涡理论,对1997~2004年贵阳地区的6次冰雹天气和2004年贵阳地区的6次暴雨过程分别合成,进行诊断分析.结果表明:在θe陡立密集区,θe面陡立导致湿斜压涡度发展,密集区内冰雹和暴雨容易发生;MPV1<0和MPV2>0的配置,易产生暴雨,且MPV1数值比MPV2数值大一个量级,说明暴雨发生时正压过程起着主导的作用,而湿斜压项的高值区与暴雨的落区相一致.冰雹发生时,降雹区的低层为对流层不稳定层结下(MPV1<0),有MPV2>0,使湿斜压不稳定增强,倾斜涡度得以发展,冰雹易出现在高值中心偏南一侧,(即MPV1<0与MPV2高值中心交界处),冰雹出现后,高值中心强度减弱.     

Diagnostic analysis of mesoscale rainstorms in the Jiang-Huai valley of China with convective vorticity vector

By the vector product of absolute vorticity vectors and equivalent potential temperature gradients, a new vector, convective vorticity vector (CVV) is readdressed after Gao et al., and is applied to the study of the development and movement of mesoscale rainstorms in the Jiang-Huai valley of China by using high-resolution simulation data with PSU/NCAR MM5 briefly. The results show that the CVV, especially its vertical component which is closely related to interactions between vertical secondary circulations and horizontal equivalent potential temperature gradients, may be a good tracer and diagnostic tool in the study of mesoscale rainstorms in the Jiang-Huai valley of China. And the main physical processes responsible for the variations of the vertical component of the CVV are discussed briefly based on its tendency equation proposed in this article.     

用湿位涡定义的南海西南季风指数及其与我国区域降水的关系研究

使用美国NCEP／NCAR1958－1997年逐日资料,对南海季风爆发前后的气象要素场作了分析。结果表明：南海季风爆发时,南海南、北部要素场变化有差异,北部西南季风爆发特征更为显著。针对南海西南季风爆发特征,提出了用湿位势涡度定义季风指数,它能很好地反映夏季风爆发的特征。其中,用湿位热涡度定义的季风指数对长江中下及华北华南地区的旱涝具有一定的预示性。相关分析表明：前一年冬季的季风指数和秋季的季风指数分别与华北次年夏季降水、华南次年春季降水有显著的相关,而当年夏季的季风指数与长江中下游当年秋季降水呈显著正相关。     

地转适应与锋生

地转适应过程是大气中的重要过程。对地转适应问题及其在锋生动力学中的应用作了简单回顾,同时利用最小能量原理指出地转适应的终态是否满足地转平衡关系取决于初始不平衡扰动的位涡分布。     

充液航天器试验的三维数值分析

对自旋充液航天器地面气浮台试验的动力学特性进行了分析和计算。以刚体系统的动量矩定理和流体运动的基本方程为基础，考虑液体晃动、涡旋、重力、离心力及Ｃｏｒｉｏｌｉｓ力等因素的影响，并运用Ｐｆｅｉｆｆｅｒ推广的关于流体均匀涡旋运动的理论，导出了液体晃动的边值问题和流固耦合旋转系统运动的联立微分方程组。运用边界元方法求解了重力场中部分充液偏置贮箱内液体晃动的三维边值问题，并将系统运动的联立微分方程组交换后化为广义特征值问题来求解。从而求得液体晃动的能量耗散率和系统的章动时间常数。     

2008年"2.28"低纬高原强对流成因诊断与数值模拟

 利用常规观测、NCEP1°×1°再分析资料和中尺度WRF模式,对低纬高原云南2008年"2.28"强对流进行成因诊断和数值模拟研究,结果表明:此次复杂强对流在春季低温冷冻灾害和位势稳定背景下,由强垂直风切变、低层潮湿和足够水汽供应以及强抬升机制共同作用造成.过程中,强对流由强斜压不稳定释放诱发在低层湿舌附近;冰雹、雷雪上空-20 ℃温度层在450hPa层上少动, 0~-20 ℃温度梯度是冰雹大于雷雪的;降雹的饱和水汽团高度比雷雪高;垂直干位涡反映了对流层高层强位涡高值的强干冷西北气流向低层、低纬传送和中低层小位涡西南暖湿急流交汇特征.WRF模拟结果佐证了位势稳定条件下存在强垂直风切变会发生剧烈对流的事实,水平风、抬升凝结高度和最大对流有效位能等可为判断云南有无强对流及其种类提供参考依据.     

垂直涡度方程的比较分析

通过对经典垂直涡度方程、全型垂直涡度方程、新型垂直涡度方程之对比分析,发现由位涡方程出发导出的全型垂直涡度方程存在着不足:(1)在θz=θz=0的中性层结情况下,方程不适用;(2)在一般情况下,全型垂直涡度方程不能准确反映力管项-α×p作用对垂直涡度变化的影响;(3)全型垂直涡度方程高估了倾斜涡度强迫对垂直涡度发展的作用.     

Numerical simulation of Meiyu front and the diagnosis of moist vorticity vector

Moist vorticity vector is introduced to study the development and evolution of mesoscale convective vortex (MCV) in the Meiyu front precipitation with the Advanced Regional Predication System (ARPS). In this study, the heavy rainfall is simulated to investigate the genesis, development and dissipation of middle scale convective vortex, which occurred from 0000 UTC 3 July to 1200 UTC 5 July over the Jianghuai River valley. Moist vorticity vector (MVV) has zonal, radial and vertical components in its 3D spatial distribution. The simulation shows that the vertical component of moist vorticity vector well demonstrates the spatial distribution characteristics of middle scale convective vortex, especially in the process of Meiyu front precipitation. Diagnosis upon zonal, radial averaged and mass-integrated quantities of MVV shows that its vertical component and the surface precipitating ratio are in phase with a correlation coefficient of 0.68, indicating that the vertical component of MVV is closely associated with the Meiyu front precipitation. In addition, the tendency of the vertical component of MVV is mainly determined by the interaction between the vorticity and the zonal and radial gradient of condensational or depositional heating.     

Numerical simulation of Meiyu front and the diagnosis of moist vorticity vector

Moist vorticity vector is introduced to study the development and evolution of mesoscale convective vortex (MCV) in the Meiyu front precipitation with the Advanced Regional Predication System (ARPS). In this study, the heavy rainfall is simulated to investigate the genesis, development and dissipation of middle scale convective vortex, which occurred from 0000 UTC 3 July to 1200 UTC 5 July over the Jianghuai River valley. Moist vorticity vector (MVV) has zonal, radial and vertical components in its 3D spatial distribution. The simulation shows that the vertical component of moist vorticity vector well demonstrates the spatial distribution characteristics of middle scale convective vortex, especially in the process of Meiyu front precipitation. Diagnosis upon zonal, radial averaged and mass-integrated quantities of MVV shows that its vertical component and the surface precipitating ratio are in phase with a correlation coefficient of 0.68, indicating that the vertical component of MVV is closely associated with the Meiyu front precipitation. In addition, the tendency of the vertical component of MVV is mainly determined by the interaction between the vorticity and the zonal and radial gradient of condensational or depositional heating.     

黄石地区梅雨期一次持续暴雨过程的诊断与分析

利用降水实况数据和NCEP（1°×1°）再分析资料对黄石地区2010年7月11日暴雨过程分别从水汽、热力、动力条件着手进行了诊断分析。分析结果表明：本次梅雨期暴雨的水汽累积过程从10日开始,降水期间上空有水汽通量辐合中心存在,并有低空急流与水汽辐合中心配合;暴雨期间,湿层厚度一直延伸至600hPa：850、700、500hPa的假相当位温θse在鄂东南均超过了350K,且500hPa与850hPa的θse差值为正值,表明该次降水是一次稳定的暴雨过程;暴雨期间中低层形成了明显的θse能量锋区;湿位涡分析表明：湖北黄石处于高温高湿的对称不稳定区,不稳定能量大量释放,产生强烈的上升运动,造成暴雨。     

98.7暴雨中尺度系统发展的视涡源涡度变率诊断分析

利用 MM5输出的高分辨率资料和视涡源与总涡源诊断方程对“98.7”特大暴雨的涡度场、视涡源、总涡源进行了诊断分析 .结果揭示 :此次暴雨的发生和发展与其视涡源、总涡源的生成和发展直接相关 .正视涡源柱和总涡源柱的存在及强烈发展是强暴雨中尺度系统发生发展的主要动力机制 ,这种机制有利于突发性特大暴雨发生 .暴雨的落区基本处于视涡源、总涡源中心位置的下方 .因而 ,视涡源与总涡源的强度及所处的位置为雨强及落区的预报提供了参考依据     

一次特大暴雨中尺度系统结构特征和机理分析

为了研究“04.6”湖南特大暴雨过程的发生发展机理,在天气分析的基础上,利用非静力中尺度模式MM 5-V 3.6对本次过程进行了数值模拟。结果表明:高分辨中尺度模式MM 5可以较好地模拟中尺度低涡切变线的发生和发展。模拟结果显示,中尺度低涡发展过程中,不断有扰动在低涡前部发展,并激发出强烈的中尺度对流系统M CS(m esoscale convective system)。暴雨区上空具有同向双圈垂直环流结构特征,使中尺度对流系统更加组织化。根据湿位涡守恒和倾斜位涡发展理论分析了暴雨和M CS形成和发展的原因。对流不稳定和条件对称不稳定的建立以及对流有效位能的集中释放是此次特大暴雨产生和持续发展的重要条件。     

中国东部地区一个中尺度对流涡旋的涡度收支分析

中尺度对流涡旋(MCV),与其他中尺度涡旋不同,有着其独特的动力机制与发展途径.一旦MCV形成,极易产生灾害性天气过程.为了解我国的MCV,使用非静力中尺度模式天气预报和研究模式对中国东部2003年7月4至5日降水过程进行了高分辨率的双向三重嵌套的数值模拟.与观测资料比较,模拟结果较为准确地再现了当时的大气状况.采用了空间滤波的方法对模式结果进行了大尺度背景场与中尺度扰动场的尺度分离,对MCV的结构与移动进行分析,并追随MCV的活动对其的涡度收支情况进行诊断分析.分析表明,大尺度背景场与中尺度扰动场对MCV的作用有着明显的差异.MCV的移动由大尺度背景风场引导;其中辐合作用直接决定了MCV的形成与发展,大尺度水平运动对中尺度涡度的水平输送为水平平流项的主要部分.而由垂直风速的水平变化所导致的水平涡度的倾斜作用在此MCV形成与发展阶段作用并不明显.成熟时的MCV与成熟时的中尺度对流复合体类似有着3个明显的环流,在对流层高层与低层均为辐散反气旋性环流,对流层中层则为较为深厚的气旋性环流.     

旋转坐标系对流体涡旋运动的影响

系统讨论坐标系的旋转对流体涡旋运动的影响 ,分析这种影响在地球物理流体力学相对涡度、速度环量及位势涡度方程的各种形式中的表现 ,以及与流体力学对应的 Helmholtz方程的变形形式 ,通过分析 ,更清晰地揭示科氏力产生 (或制造 )涡度及其影响涡度变化的机理。     

贯流式水轮机桨叶涡动力学优化设计

为了优化贯流式水轮机桨叶的叶型,引入边界涡量动力学理论。对初始设计的导叶和桨叶叶型进行全流道三维湍流模拟,分析了桨叶表面上边界涡量流分布状态,找到了局部流动不良的部位。通过调整设计中给定的速度矩分布规律,对桨叶叶型进行优化。叶型改进后,桨叶轮毂附近和进口边附近边界涡量流分布明显改善,转轮效率提高。计算表明:桨叶表面上边界涡量流分布状态更有效地反映了转轮的流动性能,能够为叶型优化提供可靠的依据。     

西北东部一次暴雨天气过程的数值模拟研究

利用较高分辨率非静力中尺度数值模式MM5,对2003年8月28日西北东部一次致洪暴雨天气过程进行了数值模拟,重点研究了中-α和中-β尺度系统的发生发展和演变过程,对影响暴雨的物理量场进行了诊断分析.结果表明:中-α尺度低涡越山后迅速生成发展,历时约14 h,少动,并激发了多个中-β尺度系统,在这些不同尺度系统相互作用下,形成了这次区域性暴雨.强降水主要出现在低涡系统的发展与成熟阶段.700 hPa以上稳定的大气层结,抑制了水汽和能量的垂直扩散,有利于水汽和能量沿低空向雨区输送.在暴雨区上空,水汽和能量以垂直输送为主,同时伴有大量潜能释放.暴雨区上空有明显的正涡(位涡)柱和发展旺盛的上升气流区,低层辐合中心位于650 hPa,高层辐散中心位于400 hPa,无辐散层位于500 hPa.