旋流稳焰瓦斯燃烧器湍流扩散火焰的数值模拟

为研究瓦斯燃烧器的火焰特性，采用κ-ε湍流模型、三气体扩散燃烧模型及综合辐射模型，对旋流稳焰瓦斯燃烧器湍流扩散火焰进行了数值模拟。研究结果表明，在旋流作用下，在火盆及其前端附近区域内形成了中心回流区，使燃气与助燃空气在此处发生剧烈掺混而被点燃，这有利于火焰稳定。在火焰前端仍存在一个高温尾流区，在选用和设计燃烧器时应充分考虑这一现象。燃气喷孔直径对火焰长度的影响非常显著，喷头顶部气孔位置和火盆锥口角对火焰长度影响较小。随着空气过剩系数和燃气中空气含量的增加，火焰长度明显减小。在实际应用中，应充分考虑燃烧器结构和操作条件的影响，以提高加热炉的效率和安全性。     

旋流稳焰瓦斯燃烧器湍流扩散火焰的数值模拟

为研究瓦斯燃烧器的火焰特性 ,采用k ε湍流模型、三气体扩散燃烧模型及综合辐射模型 ,对旋流稳焰瓦斯燃烧器湍流扩散火焰进行了数值模拟。研究结果表明 ,在旋流作用下 ,在火盆及其前端附近区域内形成了中心回流区 ,使燃气与助燃空气在此处发生剧烈掺混而被点燃 ,这有利于火焰稳定。在火焰前端仍存在一个高温尾流区 ,在选用和设计燃烧器时应充分考虑这一现象。燃气喷孔直径对火焰长度的影响非常显著 ,喷头顶部气孔位置和火盆锥口角对火焰长度影响较小。随着空气过剩系数和燃气中空气含量的增加 ,火焰长度明显减小。在实际应用中 ,应充分考虑燃烧器结构和操作条件的影响 ,以提高加热炉的效率和安全性。     

全氧燃烧对喷火焰空间气流场和温度场的数值模拟

选用 k-ε 湍流模型、涡-耗散化学反应模型与 DO 辐射传热模型,以甲烷为燃烧气体,在全氧燃烧条件下,改变助燃气体氧气体积分数,模拟对喷火焰空间的气流场和温度场分布。研究表明：在对喷火焰空间中,气流发生对撞,形成温度较高的环流区域;随着氧气体积分数增大,甲烷喷入火焰空间的速度方向趋于发散,火焰温度增高,甲烷燃烧空间减小,火焰变得细长,高温区与玻璃液面的距离变大;抬高碹顶、错排喷枪、降低喷枪与玻璃液面距离和调节喷入燃料量可以改进对喷火焰空间温度场分布。     

甲烷、煤尘复合体系燃烧特性及火焰结构的实验研究

利用高速摄像机、超细热电偶、离子电流探针、光电二极管等对管道内甲烷、煤尘复合体系中传播火焰进行了实验研究，对火焰传播特征和火焰结构进行了分析．结果表明，甲烷、煤尘复合体系中初期的火焰主要由甲烷空气的气相火焰构成，随着传播过程的进行，煤粒逐步开始参与燃烧，形成甲烷、煤尘的复合火焰．复合火焰中，煤粒热解和燃烧过程持续时间较长，火焰区域在传播过程中不断被拉长，火焰在较大的区域存在．甲烷、煤尘复合火焰的预热区厚度大约为2.57cm，预热区的后面是化学反应区，在这个区域中，化学反应强度迅速上升，温度也随着迅速升高，同时发出较强的光．对甲烷、煤尘复合体系火焰传播过程进行研究，可以为防止煤矿井下瓦斯、煤尘爆炸提供理论基础和技术支持.     

后效期内火药气体对弹头的作用

本文试图从理论上分析武器后效期内火药气体对弹头的作用,找出后效期内弹头速度的增量,并结合江西某厂设计班用枪中应用膛口消焰器解决冷热枪平均弹着点偏移等问题,研究膛口消焰器对后效期的影响,试提出消焰器提高射击密集度的看法。 全文分二部分:第一部分为膛口气体射流对弹头速度的影响,第二部分为膛口气体射流对弹头飞行稳定性的影响。     

管道内甲烷煤尘复合火焰结构的实验

对管道中甲烷煤尘复合火焰结构进行了初步研究．采用高速摄像系统拍摄了甲烷煤尘复合火焰在垂直管道内传播过程的自发光图片；采用微细热电偶和离子探针技术分别测量了火焰传播过程中的温度分布和化学反应区的强度分布．研究结果表明：管道内甲烷煤尘复合火焰化学反应区的厚度约为15．6cm，比单一甲烷空气预混火焰的化学反应区厚度要大两个量级．     

微重力下不可燃气体对火焰沿薄燃料表面传播的影响

数值模拟研究表明，不可燃气体对火焰传播有重要的影响.当不可燃气体为N2时，在分析中可不考虑辐射再吸收的影响，热传导是火焰传播的主要驱动力.而当不可燃气体为CO2时，辐射再吸收对火焰结构和传播速度有较大的影响.在静止微重力下，火焰对燃料表面的热辐射和热传导在火焰传播机理中的作用几乎相同，火焰传播速度具有最大值.随着逆流速度的增大，辐射再吸收对火焰传播的影响逐渐减弱，热传导又成为火焰传播的主要驱动力.     

火焰在微细圆管中传播及其熄火现象

采用单步化学反应机理，假定流场满足Poiseuille分布，用热传导-组分扩散模型研究圆管中预混火焰传播特征和熄火条件。通过计算不同的壁面对流散热和气体流动速度下的火焰，得到火焰面形状的变化规律、火焰传播速度的曲线，分析出了微细圆管中熄火的规律：管道越细，熄火越容易；进口气流速度为0时的燃料消耗速率最小，但只有正的进口速度才有利于防止熄火。     

2.5MW煤粉氧燃烧旋流火焰数值计算

为了准确地数值预报煤粉旋流火焰特征和主要烟气成分,比较扩展的涡耗散模型在多湍流模型下的预测性和影响,针对IFRF(国际火焰研究基地)2.5MW煤粉氧燃烧和空气燃烧实验,利用组分输运方程,结合7步改进的总包反应,对炉内煤粉氧燃烧进行数值计算,并与实验结果和空气燃烧基况对比.结果表明:氧扩散率、发射率和比热容等物性参数修正后,湿循环、氧预混二次流的煤粉氧燃烧扩散火焰温度场与空气燃烧总体一致,火焰稳定且为Ⅱ型火焰结构;EDC模型(涡耗散概念模型)对组分预测更为准确,尤在可实现k-ε模型下的缓慢反应CO生成和IRZ(中心内回流区)高温预测;而FRED模型(有限速率涡耗散模型)在多湍流模型下对炉内温度、组分、火焰结构预测亦较准确.     

旋流燃烧室内三维等温流场研究

采用三维RNG κ-ε湍流模型进行了旋流燃烧室内等温流场的数值模拟，给出了旋流燃烧室内不同截面位置速度分布的计算结果．数值模拟结果与文献中实验数据的比较表明，两者符合较好．该燃烧室采用叶片式旋流器并配置一次和二次空气径向射流．比较了一次空气射流和二次空气射流对燃烧室内流场的影响．研究结果表明，经旋流器进入燃烧室的旋转气流和一次射流空气在燃烧室头部形成回流区，这将有助于缩短火焰长度和稳定燃烧．一次空气射流深度几乎达到燃烧室中心，有利于气流的混合并增大回流量；二次空气射流深度较浅，其对燃烧室内流场的影响较小，     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the