去泛素化酶7与髓样分化因子88蛋白相互作用的研究

Toll-like受体（TLRs）介导的信号途径不仅参与机体识别病原微生物入侵、诱导免疫应答,而且还可诱导机体产生破坏性炎症反应．通过免疫共沉淀、免疫荧光共定位、间接免疫荧光等实验方法鉴定去泛素化酶7（USP7）和TLR信号途径中重要接头蛋白——髓样分化因子88（MyD88）的相互作用,结果表明USP7和MyD88可在细胞质中共定位并可发生相互作用．该研究对阐释TLR信号通路的机制奠定了重要的基础．     

Role of toll-like receptors in regulatory functions of T and B cells

Pathogens can find their ways to most sites in the host. Pathogen sensors, such as Toll-like receptors （TLRs）, must be equally and broadly distributed on immune cells to combat them through innate and adaptive immunity. Most classes of TLRs are found in innate immune cells to obtain an immediate response against pathogens, but recent studies indicate that a number of TLRs are wildly expressed in T and B cells, suggesting TLRs also directly regulate adaptive immune responses. Due to the rapid increase of new information on the multiple roles of TLRs, in this paper we aim to review several main properties of TLRs and their direct role in T and B cells. This review consists of 6 parts： （i） Characteristics of Toll-like receptors （TLRs） and signaling; （ii） signalling pathways of TLRs; （iii） TLR expressions on human leukocytes; （iv） TLR expressions and functions in the Thl, CD4^＋CD45RO^＋ memory T cells and regulatory/suppressor T as well as B cell populations; （v） therapeutic potential of TLR agonists; （Vi） discussion and perspective. The latest findings and potential therapeutic applications are discussed. There is growing evidence supporting the concept that TLR activation contributes not only to innate immunity but also to adaptive immunity, including direct regulation of both T and B lymphocytes by TLRs.     

TLR9基因遗传多态性与疾病关系的研究进展

近年来对TLRs的研究主要集中在人类的TLRs的遗传多态性在各种疾病中的免疫学作用等方面的研究。对其他哺乳动物TLRs的免疫学研究还不是很多。本文综述TLR9基因的遗传多态性与几种疾病关系的研究最新进展。     

Toll样受体2的研究进展

Toll样受体家族（TOU likereceptors,TLRs）是先天性免疫系统进化过程中形成的非常保守的模式识别受体家族,Toll样受体2（T011-likereceptors2,TLR2）是已经克隆的Toll样受体家族中表达范围最广,识别病原微生物种类最多的成员。它可单独或协同其他Toll样受体家族成员完成对病原体相关分子模式的识别,触发机体对致病微生物的级联免疫应答,尤其是针对细胞毒素的抗炎症反应具有重要的作用,已经成为多种疾病治疗的新靶点。文章对N-SL动物TLR2的分布,结构特征,配体识别,信号转导及其生物学功能的最新研究进展进行了综述。     

Critical role of Toll-like receptor signaling in NK cell activation

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NK cell receptors are the most important receptor superfamilies in innate immunity. TLRs act as the sensor of external pathogens, while NK cells detect alterations in endogenous protein expression on target cells through activating and inhibitory receptors. Accumulating data has demonstrated that TLRs and NK cell receptors can coordinate and regulate each other during immune responses, which contributes to the initiation of innate response and the priming of adaptive responses. TLRs can activate NK cell function directly or with the help of accessory cells in a cytokine or cell-to-cell contact dependent manner. More understanding of the recognition of innate receptors and interactions between them may provide important insights into the design of effective strategies to combat tumor and microbial infections. In this review, we summarize how TLRs and NK cells discriminate the self or non-self components respectively. And importantly, we pay more attention to the role of TLR sig-naling in induction of NK cell activation, responses and the crosstalk between them.     

TLRs信号转导通路及负调控分子研究进展

生物机体存在着多种TLRs的负调控机制,以维持免疫反应的平衡.该文综述了Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors,TLRs)的结构、分布及主要的内源性和外源性配体,重点阐述TLRs信号通路的类型和转导机制,并分析论述TLRs信号通路中的负性调控分子.     

miR-146a在肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞抗结核分枝杆菌感染中的免疫调控作用

利用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(qPCR)的方法分析了强毒株人型结核分枝杆菌H37Rv和减毒株卡介苗(BCG)感染肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞(AECⅡ)株A549中微小RNA-146a (miR-146a)的表达情况;构建miR-146a腺病毒过表达载体,分析在结核分枝杆菌(Mtb)感染A549细胞中,过表达miR-146a对toll样受体(TLRs)信号通路及炎症因子的表达调控作用.结果表明, Mtb感染可引起A549细胞中miR-146a表达上调;当在A549细胞中过表达miR-146a时,在BCG感染组中TLR2的表达表现为感染后显著抑制, H37Rv感染组中TLR2表达差异不显著; TLR4在BCG和H37Rv感染组中均表现为显著下调.过表达miR-146a时,在BCG和H37Rv感染组中对TLR信号通路的下游分子髓样分化因子(MyD88)、TNF受体关联因子6 (TRAF6)、核因子κB (NF-κB)和促炎细胞因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素(IL)-6的表达均表现为感染后的抑制作用,而IL-8表达影响不明显.说明在AECⅡ细胞抗Mtb感染过程中, miR-146a负调控TLRs信号通路中MyD88、TRAF6、NF-κB和IL-6等来调控AECⅡ细胞对Mtb的感染过程.     

运动与Toll样受体的研究

研究了Toll样受体(TLRs)与免疫的基本关系,运动与营养对TLRs表达的影响。指出TLRs与人体的各种功能系统关系密切,通过长期运动与适当的营养手段可以良性降低TLRs的表达,进而提高运动员以及健身群众的身体免疫机能。     

Toll样受体相关疾病研究进展

Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors, TLRs)家族存在于所有活的多细胞生物中。研究表明,TLRs在对机体天然免疫、识别病原体方面包括感染性、自身免疫性、过敏性、炎症和癌症在内的多种疾病的发病机制中发挥了非常重要的作用。简要介绍了TLRs家族受体相关的常见疾病,结合已有的成果对相关疾病相关受体的研究方法及应用现状进行阐述。最后,对Toll样受体为人类克服相关疾病的未来发展方向进行展望。     

TLR2和TLR6在鸟分枝杆菌诱导巨噬细胞凋亡中的作用

【目的】建立鸟分枝杆菌感染巨噬细胞模型,探讨Toll样受体2(TLR2)和Toll样受体6(TLR6)在鸟分枝杆菌诱导巨噬细胞凋亡中的作用,为阐明鸟分枝杆菌致病机制提供依据。【方法】用鸟分枝杆菌感染U937细胞,于感染0h、8h、16h、24h和48h后分别提取细胞总蛋白,并通过Western blot方法检测TLR2和TLR6的表达;分别提取细胞培养上清液,利用ELISA技术检测肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)含量的变化情况。用鸟分枝杆菌感染阻断TLR2和TLR6后的U937细胞,通过Western blot方法分别检测其促凋亡因子BAX和抗凋亡因子BCL-2的表达量,用ELISA技术检测细胞培养上清液中TNF-α含量变化情况,用流式细胞仪检测U937细胞的凋亡变化。【结果】鸟分枝杆菌感染U937细胞可引起TLR2、TLR6和TNF-α表达上调;用鸟分枝杆菌感染阻断TLR2和TLR6后的U937细胞,可使U937细胞内促凋亡因子BAX和TNF-α表达量下降(P0.05),抗凋亡因子BCL-2表达量升高(P0.05),并可以明显降低感染鸟分枝杆菌后的细胞的凋亡率(P0.05)。【结论】TLR2和TLR6与巨噬细胞凋亡相关,巨噬细胞通过TLR2和TLR6来识别鸟分枝杆菌,而鸟分枝杆菌反过来通过促进TLR2和TLR6的表达来影响巨噬细胞相关凋亡通路,从而诱导巨噬细胞凋亡。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that