Variability and reduction of atmospheric pollutants in Beijing and its surrounding area during the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games

The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Atmospheric Environment Monitoring Network was established by the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The goals of the network were to monitor and provide warnings of the atmospheric quality in Beijing and its surrounding area during the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. The results showed that the atmospheric complex pollution exhibited high concentrations of ozone and fine particles and oxidation in summer, with a ubiquitous regional source. The regional mean concentrations of SO₂, PM_2.5, NO₂, and O_{3_8h max} (the maximum daily 8 h mean) and O_x were 22±11, 90±40, 25±5, 136±35 and 112±21 μg/m³ in summer, respectively. During the Olympic Games, the mean concentration of SO₂, PM_2.5, NO_{2, O3_8h} max, and O_x were 12.5±4, 56±28, 23±4, 114±29, 95±17 μg/m³ in the region, respectively, and fell by 51.0%, 43.7%, 13%, 20.2%, and 18.9%, respectively, compared to the prophase mean before the Olympic Games. The concentration of atmospheric pollutants declined significantly and achieved the “Green Olympics” control goal of air quality. After the Olympic Games, SO₂, PM_2.5 and NO_x increased significantly as the temporary atmospheric pollution control measures were terminated.     

Evaluation of the effect of air pollution control during the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games using Lidar data

To examine the effect of pollution control measures on Beijing air quality during the 2008 Olympic Games, this paper analyzes the variation of aerosol extinction coefficient observed with a Dual-wavelength Polarized Lidar in Beijing during the Olympic Games. The results show that (1) during the Beijing Olympic Games, the aerosol extinction coefficient decreased to about 42.3% in the surface layer (below 250 m) compared with that in 2007 under almost the same meteorological conditions, indicating the effecti...     

2008年北京奥运会负面影响及其预防措施

关于北京举办奥运会的负面影响媒体很少报道,从1984洛杉矶奥运会到2004年雅典奥运会举办经历来看,举办奥运会对举办国的确有很多积极影响,尤其对举办国的经济发展有很大的促进作用,但举办奥运会也有许多负面影响.我们应从经济、政治和文化角度分析举办奥运会的负面影响,研究制定相关预防措施,谨供有关人士参考,使2008年北京奥运会能取得效益最大化.     

Estimation and prediction of black carbon emissions in Beijing City

Black carbon is a by-product of incomplete combustion of carbon containing fuels. It can alter atmospheric radiation property and make adverse impacts on human health. The energy consumption in Beijing City depends largely on coal burning. Recently, Beijing City has been performing the municipal energy structure adjustment as a tool for air pollution abatement, aiming at the air quality goal for the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. Based on Beijing energy use data in 2000, combined with emission factors of major sources of black carbon, the emission of black carbon in Beijing City is estimated to be 7.77 Gg. Coke, raw coal and biomass as non-commercial energy are the main contributors to municipal black carbon emissions. Based on Beijing energy planning in the year 2008, the emission of black carbon in 2008 will be 2.97 Gg if the contribution from biomass is not taken into account. Assuming that the black carbon emission from rural biomass in 2008 is the same as that in 2004, the biomass burning will be the largest emitter of black carbon to Beijing City in 2008.     

论北京奥运精神

通过全面分析2008北京奥运会,剖析了北京奥运精神。认为北京奥运彰显了中华民族不屈不挠、顽强拼搏、奋勇争先的精神内涵和奥林匹克“更快、更高、更强”“重在参与”的精神实质。北京奥运的巨大成功应归功于在筹办过程中,国家、政府的鼎力支持,全民的热情参与,以及所体现出的民族自豪感和凝聚力。由此也形成了具有中国特色的“北京奥运精神”。     

Formation and causes of NO<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript> pollution on the east side of the Taihang Mountains in China

Tropospheric column amounts of NO 2 from OMI/Aura products were applied to investigate the seasonal variation of NO x on the east side of the Taihang Mountains (ESTM) in China. The NO 2 concentration varied seasonally, with winter maxima and summer minima. To explore the causes of the heavy NO 2 pollution in this region, wind field simulations were conducted by using the Fifth-Generation NCAR/Penn State Mesoscale Model (MM5). MM5 simulations showed that wind directions in the ESTM region were dominated by northeasterly and northwesterly winds throughout the year and to a lesser degree by southwesterlies. Elevated NO 2 concentrations (higher than 50×10 15 molec/cm 2 ) occurred in three meteorological situations: convergent wind fields (5 days), northeasterly winds (2 days), and calm days (1 day) in January. Although the local anthropogenic NO x emission strength was not so high as that in other developed areas, the calms and frequent occurrence of convergent wind fields, as well as unfavorable terrains for diffusion, resulted in the accumulation of atmospheric pollutants and hence heavy NO x pollution. Furthermore, long-distance NO x transportation from the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region to the ESTM area could be seen when the wind was from a northeasterly direction, especially under high wind speeds.     

Pollution plumes observed by aircraft over North China during the IPAC-NC field campaign

Strong pollution emissions from large urban and industrial centres in eastern China are thought to greatly impact regional air quality and global atmospheric chemistry.In this study,we investigate extensive pollution plumes over North China,observed by aircraft during the IPAC-NC(Influence of Pollution on Aerosols and Cloud Microphysics in North China)field campaign in spring 2006.Several pollution plumes were encountered,characterized by sharp and strong increases of SO2and NOx(NO plus NO2)as well as remarkable O3variability.During a flight performed downwind of the megacity Tianjin on 9 April,O3was found to be depleted at NOx>15 ppbv and enhanced at NOx mixing ratios of 6–7 ppbv.Our analysis indicates that the plumes had recently been released by industrial plants,and partly mixed with urban emissions,giving rise to the large-scale transport of air pollution and substantial degradation of air quality.     

论北京奥运会导入企业识别系统的基本构想

北京奥运会组委会提出"要举办一届历史上最出色的奥运会",导入企业识别系统(CIS),实施北京奥运会形象工程无疑是一个非常重要的举措.文章讨论了北京奥运会导入CIS的价值、CIS的基本程序、CIS的基本原则等问题.     

北京冬奥会和冬残奥会历史同期气溶胶污染的高空环流特征研究

通过分析北京和张家口地区长期地面气象资料、气溶胶浓度数据和探空数据, 研究冬奥会和冬残奥会历史同期(2015—2019年的2月1日至3月20日)的气象条件和气溶胶污染过程, 并利用数值模拟和客观环流分型方法, 探究高空环流和区域输送的影响。结果表明, 北京和张家口两地的气溶胶污染过程与近地面的暖、湿和小风条件有关。在850 hPa高度, 当两地受西北风影响时, 近地面的气溶胶浓度较低。北京的重污染过程主要与850 hPa高度的西南风有关, 张家口的重污染则主要与850 hPa高度的西南风和南风有关。虽然北京与张家口两市中心相距160多公里, 但两地的气溶胶污染和位温垂直结构变化有很强的关联性。当华东地区存在较强的高压系统时, 来自京津冀以南地区850 hPa高度的暖空气会输送到北京和张家口, 使两地同时出现高空增温现象, 进而增强对流层下部的热力稳定度, 不利于边界层的发展和污染物的垂直扩散。此外, 当上述环流出现时, 河北南部、山西北部和内蒙古中部等地区排放的污染物会通过输送过程影响北京。张家口地区海拔较高, 除本地排放外, 影响其空气质量的污染气团主要来自西部的上游地区。因此, 当出现不利的高空环流形势时, 除需要控制本地的排放外, 还要考虑对上游地区施行协同减排措施。     

Source apportionment for urban PM10 and PM2.5 in the Beijing area

Airborne particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) samples were collected at the Beijing Normal University sampling site in the urban area of Beijing, China in dry and wet seasons during 2001―2004. Concen-trations of 23 elements and 14 ions in particulate samples were determined by ICP-AES and IC, re-spectively. Source apportionment results derived from both Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) models indicate that the major contributors of PM2.5 and PM10 in Beijing are: soil dust, fossil fuel combustion, vehicle exhausts, secondary particulate, biomass burning and some industrial sources. We have identified both regional common sources, such as vehicular emis-sions, particulate of secondary origin and biomass burning, as well as country-specific problems, such as sand storms and soil dust that should be addressed for effective air quality control.     

北京地区臭氧源识别个例研究

利用三维区域空气质量模式CAMx模拟京、津地区对流层大气光化学过程。运用臭氧源识别技术研究不同地区、不同种类污染源排放对北京市城近郊区臭氧浓度的影响,并统计分析这一地区的臭氧来源构成。结果表明,北京市城近郊区排放的污染物对本地及其下风地区的臭氧生成有显著影响;北京市城近郊区的各类源排放中,流动源对臭氧生成贡献最大,油品储运和溶剂使用与工业源的臭氧生成贡献也占有较高份额,天然源排放对臭氧生成的贡献很小。另外,研究表明,北京地区的臭氧生成具有区域特征,气象和源排放条件会对这一地区臭氧来源的构成产生较大影响,周边地区污染物排放的影响应予以关注。     

2008 Olympic Games—A Fortune to Beijing

The following essay will discuss the topic"Is Hosting an Olympics a Fortune to the City or a Disaster to the City,Why?"First of all,it should be clarified that we focus on the relationships between an Olympics and the city which hosts it,not the country which governs the city.Secondly,since different cities have different political,financial,social,and cultural backgrounds,it appears to be not easy for us to analyze this issue in a broad way.Consequently,this essay concentrates on the 2008 Olympic Games and its impacts on Beijing.By discussing the three concepts of Olympic Games,people’s participation and the economic development,we can see that the 29th Olympics Games made more contributions to Beijing.     

异同分析与经验借鉴：北京2022冬奥会凝思

与2008年北京奥运会相比,北京2022冬奥会面临更为复杂的国际局势和国内形势。但作为重大的国际赛事,两者在筹办、举办、赛后遗产利用方面有其共性。中国成功举办北京冬奥会,可借鉴北京奥运会的成功经验,为其提供可复制、可信赖的中国经验与中国智慧。为此,分析北京冬奥会与北京夏奥会的区别,从宏观和中观的视角,运用、变通、创造性转换北京夏奥会成功举办的重要经验,力求北京冬奥会重现北京夏奥会辉煌,进而为中国崛起再添新动力。     

基于GIS的北京市重点地区电磁辐射污染研究

北京市在奥运行动规划中,明确将电磁辐射作为环境治理的重点.在野外数据采集的基础上,运用地理信息系统(GIS)技术,对北京市重点地区(重点居民区、文物保护区、风景旅游区、奥运场馆区)环境的电磁辐射水平进行了分析与评价.结果表明,所调查的4个地区,从总体上看电磁辐射水平都不高,与国家对公众照射的标准(GB8702-88)比较,均在其规定安全限值范围内.     

竞技武术进军奥运会的历史性机遇与挑战

北京申办奥运的成功，给竞技武术走进奥运带来希望，但同时也有来自方方面面的困难和阻力．分析了武术进奥运的有利条件和不利因素，为竞技武术申请进入奥运赛场提出了参考性意见．     

APEC会议前后京津冀空气污染物时空变化特征

 以2014年北京APEC会议前后京津冀地区的PM_2.5、SO₂、NO₂监测数据为基础,通过最优空间插值得到该地区空气污染物质量浓度的空间分布变化图,采用空间自相关与核密度分析法研究了污染物分布的空间差异和变化规律。结果表明,京津冀空气污染物质量浓度具有显著的空间正相关与空间集聚特性,城市群空气污染空间关联密切,PM_2.5热点集中在北京南部、天津、石家庄和保定等地,SO₂热点集中在保定、天津、唐山和石家庄等地,NO₂热点集中在北京-天津-唐山片区和保定-石家庄-邢台片区;不同时段空气污染物质量浓度差异显著,APEC会议前及期间,在冷空气活动与减排措施的双重作用下,污染物质量浓度显著降低,高密度热点区均逐渐向中、低密度区转化,而APEC会议后,受冷空气影响良好空气质量得以短期维持,但污染反弹现象较快出现,高密度热点区污染迅速加强并扩展。     

北京奥运会的旅游效应及广西旅游的机遇与对策

奥运会的成功举办对于举办国的经济、社会发展将产生很大的影响,尤其是对旅游经济的影响.该文通过对北京奥运会对我国旅游业,特别是对广西旅游业的影响的分析,指出了奥运会对北京旅游的排挤效应,以及排挤出的旅游者类型,通过对广西旅游业的特点及其海外客源等状况的研究,给出了广西旅游业面对这一巨大的机遇所应采取的对策,从而利用这次难得的机会,带动广西旅游业和经济的发展.     

《奥林匹克2020议程：奥运会新规范》改革关键点及北京冬奥会的践行策略研究

《奥林匹克2020议程：奥运会新规范》（《新规范》）是当前国际奥委会系列改革的前沿指导文件，对北京冬奥会具有重要的指导价值。文章在进行《新规范》文本解析的基础上，归纳出《新规范》的五个改革关键点：降低办奥成本、优化遗产举措、促进组织善治、提升品牌影响、改善服务水平。鉴于当前北京冬奥会的筹办进展与现实需求，论文探讨了北京冬奥会后续系列工作对改革关键点的践行策略：规划场馆后续运营、能源消耗与资金利用的行动方案；不断完善遗产发展方案，确保遗产与城市协调发展；促进利益相关者的协同参与，提升赛事治理能力；借鉴国内外优秀经验，制定本土文化教育战略；围绕服务体系的核心领域，不断提升赛事水准。     

北京奥运理念对上饶市城区开展全民健身活动影响的调查分析

通过文献资料法、调查法和访谈法,调查与分析了北京奥运会的＂三大理念＂对上饶市城区开展全民健身活动的影响情况,结果表明：北京奥运理念的宣传与传播,激发了人们关注奥运,参与奥运的热情;＂科技奥运＂理念为人们树立了科学健身的指导思想,进一步增强了人们的健身意识;＂绿色奥运＂理念推动了上饶市城区的体育健身场地与器材的建设,改善了大众健身活动环境,＂人文奥运＂理念使人们更加了解奥运,认识奥运。北京奥运理念将上饶市城区全民健身活动的开展推向了新的历史时期。     

我国学校体育中奥林匹克教育的内容和途径探析

奥林匹克运动既是竞技的过程,也是教育的过程。随着2008北京年奥运会的临近,我国进入了以弘扬奥林匹克理想为核心的奥林匹克教育高潮时期。通过奥林匹克运动教育,可以培养学生顽强的意志品质,使他们成为品德、心智和体质全面发展的人,在体育运动中走向完善,这是奥林匹克运动教育所追求的价值取向。