滇东高原煤矿聚集区扎外河流域水化学特征及演化规律

采煤废水是影响中国水环境的重要因素之一,研究其对岩溶小流域水化学特征及演化的影响,可以为流域水资源开发利用和水污染防治提供科学依据。通过数理统计、离子比例系数、Piper三线图和Gibbs图等方法,分析了扎外河流域水化学特征及主要物质来源。结果表明:矿坑水水化学类型为SO_4-Ca和HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Na型,碳酸盐岩岩溶水和碳酸盐岩夹碎屑岩岩溶水水化学类型主要为HCO_3-Ca和HCO_3-Ca·Mg型,而受采煤废水影响,地表水由HCO_3-Ca型过渡为HCO_3·SO_4-Ca和HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Na型。碳酸盐岩风化是研究区Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、HCO_3~-离子的主要来源;SO_4~(2-)离子则主要源于煤系地层黄铁矿的氧化和碳酸盐岩地层中石膏的溶解;硅酸盐风化是Na~+的主要来源,岩盐的溶解和阳离子交换作用也对Na~+有部分贡献。因子分析进一步表明,H_2CO_3和H_2SO_4参与的碳酸盐岩风化、农业活动、硅酸盐风化和阳离子交换作用综合控制了研究区水化学特征。矿业活动不仅改变了天然水体的水化学组分,还不同程度影响了流域内岩石的风化溶解过程。     

青岛西海岸新区地下水水化学特征及水质评价

为了解青岛西海岸新区地下水水化学特征及地下水质量,选取2017年35个地下水水质监测数据,综合运用数理统计、水化学、模糊综合评价以及因子分析等方法进行研究。结果表明:研究区地下水中Ca~(2+)、Na~+、HCO■、SO■相对含量较高,阴离子呈HCO■SO■NO■Cl~-的关系,阳离子浓度存在Ca~(2+)Na~+Mg~(2+)K~+的关系。地下水水样pH均值7.22,呈弱碱性;TDS含量100.20～1 498.60 mg/L,均值421.40 mg/L;TH均值248.23 mg/L,为硬水。地下水水化学类型主要为HCO_3·SO_4·Cl-Na·Ca、HCO_3·SO_4-Ca、HCO_3-Ca、HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg、HCO_3·Cl-Na·Ca、HCO_3-Na·Ca,水岩作用是地下水水化学组分的主要控制因素。基于内梅罗指数法和模糊综合评价法进行水质评价,认为研究区地下水水质整体较差。基于因子分析法对研究区地下水进行污染源解析,共提取4个主因子,累积方差贡献率73.747%公因子,其中F_1解析为来自农业生产活动,F_2主要与地质因素有关,F_3表征为生活污水排放,F_4代表工业生产活动,其贡献率分别为:35.697%、15.148%、12.131%和10.771%。     

焦作市春季大气降水化学特征及来源研究

为研究典型矿业城市焦作市春季大气降水水化学特征及来源信息,选取具有代表性的采样点5个,采集大气降水水样30个,测试大气降水中主要离子成分.研究表明,焦作市降水阳离子的浓度变化规律为NH_4~+Ca~(2+)Mg~(2+)K~+Na~+,阴离子的变化规律为SO_4~(2-)NO_3~-Cl~-F~-. NH_4~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、Cl~-是降水中主要的离子占离子总量的87.08%,且降雨对其有一定的冲刷作用.降水中Ca~(2+)、NH_4~+、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-贡献比率变化表明随着降雨时间的持续NO_3~-酸化的作用逐渐增强,Ca~(2+)的中和作用也逐渐增强.相关性分析表明典型碱性阳离子Ca~(2+)、NH_4~+、Mg~(2+)和典型致酸阴离子SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-的相关性显著.在降水过程中发生酸性物质与碱性物质间的中和反应,硝酸盐和硫酸盐是降水中主要的致酸物质,NH_4~+、Ca~(2+)作为主要的阳离子,对降水中的酸性物质有着较强的中和能力.富集因子表明Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、K~+绝大部分来自地壳源,Cl~-的42.6%来自海洋源,57%来自人为源;SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-来自人为源的输入.     

膏盐层下石膏晶洞水化学特征的环境指示意义

选取具有典型意义的膏盐层下石膏晶洞内滴水、池水以及大气降水、土壤水作为研究背景,分析其水化学成分特征及迁移过程得出:石膏晶洞水化学参数K~+、Na~+、Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)、HCO_3~-、TDS的含量分别介于0.45~7.22、0.4~3.92、20.27~310.45、70~338、0.38~3.37、81.31~958.12、73.2~207.4、562~1 780 mg/L之间,各离子质量浓度均值进一步表明区域内SO_4~(2-)、TDS质量浓度很高;而K~+、Na~+、Cl~-质量浓度很低;时间序列上,研究区地下水化学类型主要分为5种类型:CaHCO_3型水、Ca-SO_4型水、Ca-Mg-SO_4型水、Ca-Mg-HCO_3型水、Ca-Mg-SO_4-HCO3型水,其中以Ca-SO_4型水为主。同时由总硬度、TDS、水温、pH得出,研究区属弱碱性低矿化度(微)硬水;由降水至洞穴池水水化学类型为:Ca-HCO_3型水至Ca-Mg-SO_4型水。各离子含量变化主要受地层岩性的控制。其次可能受溶滤作用、蒸发浓缩作用、盐效应、阳离子交替吸附作用以及氧化还原作用影响。     

拉萨河谷地区孔隙地下水水化学特征及水文地球化学模拟

为研究拉萨河谷地区地下水水化学特征及演化规律,综合运用数理统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs图等进行水化学分析,并运用PHREEQC软件进行水文地球化学反向模拟。结果表明:拉萨河谷地区地下水主要阳离子呈Ca~(2+)Mg~(2+)Na~+K~+的关系,阴离子则存在HCO_3~-SO_4~(2-)Cl~-NO_3~-的关系;拉萨河谷地区与堆龙曲河谷地区地下水水化学组分具有一定的差异性,且地下水水化学类型均以HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg为主,水岩作用是地下水水化学组分的主要控制因素。堆龙曲模拟路径发生了斜长石和伊利石的连续溶解,绿泥石的连续沉淀;盐岩先沉淀后溶解,石膏先溶解后沉淀;石英先发生沉淀,后未参与反应;CO_2先逸出,后又溶解。拉萨河路径发生了绿泥石连续沉淀,斜长石开始未参与反应,后发生了溶解;盐岩、石膏、石英和伊利石发生了先溶解后沉淀,CO_2则发生了先溶解后逸出。两条路径都发生了阳离子交换作用,地下水的演化受矿物相的溶解沉淀以及阳离子交换作用的共同影响。     

新汴河水化学特征及其成因分析

以新汴河为研究对象,通过对新汴河中常规离子采用离子色谱法进行测定,利用Piper三线图和Gibbs图对新汴河水进行分析得到新汴河的水化学特征,结果表明:(1)新汴河K~+和HCO3-浓度变化较小,Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Na~+、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)浓度在引河汇入处发生阶跃变化,其中Mg~(2+)、Na~+、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)浓度在引河汇入后明显减小,而Ca~(2+)在引河汇入后明显增大。(2)新汴河TDS变化与Mg~(2+)、Na~+、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)浓度变化具有很强的相关性。(3)新汴河以引河为界,上游段和下游段离子组分存在较大差异,上游段水化学类型为Na~+-HCO_3~--SO_4~(2-)-Cl~-型,下游段水化学类型为Na~+-Ca~(2+)-HCO_3~-型,而引河水化学类型为Ca~(2+)-Na~+-HCO_3~-型,新汴河上、下游段水化学类型发生变化的原因是由引河水的汇入引起的。     

宿县矿区主要突水含水层水文地球化学模拟

为定量地揭示矿区水文地球化学环境演化的本质,更为深入探讨水文地球化学环境演化与人类工程活动和地质背景之间的联系及其联系程度,采用宿县矿区主要突水含水层(四含、煤系、太灰)地下水样的常规离子(K~++Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)、HCO_3~-、CO_3~(2-))、pH值以及总溶解固体(TDS)数据,确立了地下水流路径以及其中的矿物相。在此基础上,利用PHREEQC软件建立了水文地球化学模拟模型,对矿区地下水流路径中的水文地球化学演化进行了定量模拟。研究结果表明:矿区四含水力联系密切,黄铁矿氧化与阳离子交替吸附是其水文地球化学演化的主要水-岩相互作用;矿区煤系地下水总体径流条件差,黄铁矿氧化与阳离子交替吸附作用趋于稳定;矿区中东部太灰水动力条件较好,碳酸盐溶解沉淀是水文地球化学演化的主要水-岩相互作用,西部水力联系不畅,阳离子交替吸附作用与黄铁矿氧化作用是水文地球化学演化的主要水-岩相互作用。研究成果有望为华北隐伏型煤矿区矿井水害防治及地下水资源开发利用提供理论支持。     

草海湿地水化学特征及离子来源研究

湿地水体的水化学性质在一定程度上可以反映湿地生态系统物质流动的特点。在本研究中,对草海湿地表层水体中主要阴阳离子的浓度进行了测定,并对水体中阴阳离子的组成特征进行了分析。结果显示,草海湿地水体受碳酸盐岩溶蚀的影响,水体中的主要的阳离子为Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+),主要的阴离子为HCO~-_3、SO_4~(2-)。人为活动对草海湿地流域水化学影响明显。     

双河洞洞穴系统岩溶地表水、地下水主要离子化学特征及其来源分析

为揭示喀斯特洞穴区域地表水、地下水水化学特征及其水化学变化的影响因素,采用数理统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs图、氢氧同位素关系图、离子相关性及离子比值关系等方法对研究区2015年4月~2017年3月的40组地表水水样和253组地下水水样数据进行分析。研究结果表明:双河洞区域地表水、地下水pH均呈碱性,TDS值总体上属淡水和微咸水,TH值属软水和微硬水。地表水中阳离子主要以Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)离子为主,阴离子主要以HCO_3~-离子为主;水化学类型主要为HCO_3-Ca和HCO~(2+)_3-Ca·Mg。地下水中阳离子主要以Ca~(2+)、Mg离子为主;阴离子主要以HCO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)离子为主,水化学类型主要为HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg、SO_4·HCO_3-Ca·Mg和HCO_3-Ca·Mg。通过Gibbs图、离子相关性、主要离子比值关系可以看出,主要离子组分均来自碳酸盐岩和硫酸岩盐的风化溶解,同时可能存在人为活动的影响。研究区水化学组分是区域地质地貌条件、水-土-岩相互作用、农业活动等因素综合导致的。研究结果对岩溶区地表水和地下水的开发利用、管理和保护具有重要的科学意义。     

赣南红层地区地下水水化学特征及成因分析

为研究赣南红层地区地下水资源及保障区域供水安全,基于水文地球化学理论,运用数理统计、Pipper三线图、Gibbs模型、水化学平衡法、同位素示踪法和离子比例系数法等方法,分析了研究区地下水水化学特征及主要离子来源。结果表明：研究区地下水水化学类型以HCO₃-Ca、HCO₃-Ca·Na为主,主要阳离子和阴离子分别为Ca²⁺和HCO^-₃;氢氧同位素特征显示研究区地下水起源于大气降水,Sr同位素主要来源于硅酸盐岩和碳酸盐岩风化的混合。地下水中石膏、岩盐、白云石、方解石和硅酸盐岩均处于未饱和状态。影响研究区地下水离子组成的是硅酸盐岩和碳酸盐岩的风化溶解作用,碳酸盐岩风化溶解控制区以方解石溶解为主。地下水在径流过程中存在阳离子交换作用,阳离子交换以地下水中的Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺置换围岩矿物的Na⁺、K⁺为主,人类活动对地下水离子组成的影响较小,其中工矿活动的影响大于农业活动和生活污水排放。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that