羊三木稠油油藏复合驱提高采收率实验研究

针对羊三木普通稠油油藏特征,通过界面张力实验和乳化实验筛选了聚表（SP）二元复合驱体系,体系组成为2 000 mg/L 表面活性剂PS–2+1 000 mg/L 聚合物HPAM。该聚表二元体系使油水界面张力降至10􀀀2 mN/m 数量级,并形成稳定的O/W 型乳状液。乳状液60 min 析水率为10.8%,降黏率为95.8%。岩芯流动实验表明,注入0.3 PV 驱油体系采收率提高幅度分别为聚表二元复合驱15.7%、聚合物驱10.8% 和表面活性剂驱7.9%。聚表二元复合驱提高羊三木稠油油藏采收率效果最好,适合用于提高普通稠油油藏采收率。     

牛心坨油田二元驱表面活性剂性能研究

牛心坨油田为低孔低渗高凝稠油油藏,原油黏度高,含蜡量高,油水流度比的差异较大.已进入中高含水期(70%以上)产量快速递减阶段,以往所进行的措施(压裂、调剖、分注)无法起到稳油控水作用,目前已展开聚合物/活性剂二元复合驱的现场驱油应用.在辽河油田的地层温度范围内,B型表面活性剂在与不同浓度聚合物溶液复配时,体系的表面张力达到10-3数量级,达到牛心陀油田复合驱油体系的要求.     

耐温抗盐强乳化聚-表二元复合驱油体系研究及应用

针对高温高盐油藏采用常规聚合物和表面活性剂驱油效果较差的问题,将耐温抗盐型聚合物SPAM-1和阴-非离子复合型表面活性剂YANC-E进行复配,研制了一种适合高温高盐油藏的耐温抗盐强乳化聚-表二元复合驱油体系,并通过室内实验评价了驱油体系的综合性能。结果表明：该二元复合驱油体系的耐温性能较强,在115℃下老化后,体系的黏度保留率仍能达到90%以上,界面张力仍能达到10^-3mN/m数量级;体系具有良好的抗盐性能,当矿化度大于100 000 mg/L时,体系仍能保持较高的黏度和较低的界面张力;体系具有良好的长时间老化稳定性能,在储层温度和矿化度条件下老化60 d后的黏度保留率在85%以上,界面张力始终维持在10^-3mN/m范围内;驱油体系与原油形成的乳状液稳定性较强,放置120 min后乳状液的分水率小于20%,具有较强的乳化性能;驱油体系在地层条件下吸附6次后仍能保持较高的黏度和较低的界面张力,具有良好的抗吸附性能。另外,岩心水驱结束后注入0.5 PV二元复合驱油体系,能使采收率继续提高25%以上,驱油效果较好。A区块内5口采油井在实施耐温抗盐强...     

特低渗非均质油藏水窜后提高波及效率研究

针对特低渗油藏水驱开发易窜流、调剖治理效果差等问题,开展了特低渗非均质油藏治理窜流、提高波及效 率的室内模拟实验。层内非均质储层模型调剖驱油实验表明,特低渗非均质油藏调剖后水驱与中高渗油藏相比后续 注入压力高,难以提高波及效率;水驱后直接转注天然气,气体继续沿水窜通道流动;但采用调剖后天然气驱,不仅后 续注入压力低,且能够提高采收率约7.8%,气驱后还可间歇注气进一步提高采收率约9.6%。因此,特低渗油藏水窜后 应采用调剖后气驱的调剖驱油方式,可有效扩大驱油剂的波及体积,提高采收率。     

七中区二元驱油体系乳化性能研究

乳化在二元复合驱提高原油采收率技术中具有重要的作用。当表面活性剂、聚合物的液滴和油滴混合通过多孔介质时,受外力作用会发生乳化。以新疆油田七中区油藏为目标区块,研制了适合油藏条件的二元驱油配方。通过实验研究油/水乳状液的表观黏度与合成方法、液滴尺寸、注入能量的关系。结果显示瓶试法和乳化机法更适合模拟七中区地层乳化;注入能量越高,乳状液颗粒越小,表观黏度越大。物模实验证明界面张力和乳化都对最终采收率有着重要的影响。     

乙醇胺提高延长稠油油藏聚/表二元驱采收率研究

针对延长稠油油藏的水驱后含水率上升的问题,通过室内实验方法,在原有聚表二元驱的基础上,研究一种适用于延长油田的有机碱,优选三元复合体系的配方;并通过物理流动驱油实验对三种化学驱油体系的驱油性能进行了分析和评价。结果表明:油藏的原油酸值为1.95 mg/g,适合进行三元复合驱的研究;筛选出的有机碱是乙醇胺,其能有效减低油水界面张力并对复合体系的黏度几乎没有影响,试验优化的三元复合体系的配方是:1 500 mg/L聚合物2 000 mg/L表面活性剂+3 500 mg/L乙醇胺。驱油实验表明:在均质岩心和三层非均质岩心模型中,与聚合物驱和聚表二元驱相比,三元复合驱都能提高原油的采收率,其中模拟油藏条件的三层非均质岩心条件下,采收率增值达13.38%,达到了控水增油的目的。     

非均质条件下聚表二元驱可视化物理模拟研究

为了能够更好地认识平面非均质油藏的油水流动动态及二元体系(聚合物/表面活性剂)在非均质油藏中的应用,采用可视化物理模拟方法直观研究了平面非均质油藏的注水驱油机理。向水驱之后的模拟油层注入二元体系,通过观察模型中二元驱体系流动情况来分析注入二元体系后不同段塞在模拟油层的情况。实验证明二元体系可以有效地提高油层采收率和波及系数。     

石油磺酸盐驱油体系微乳液的形成及增溶特性研究

大庆油田北二西区块进行的三元复合驱矿场试验是我国首个使用石油磺酸盐弱碱体系为主段塞提高石油采收率的工业化大规模矿场注采试验,对该采出液进行了系统研究,发现油水分离后的所谓透明游离水具有溶油活性,进一步的实验表明是一种以低浓度石油磺酸盐表面活性剂为乳化剂的微乳液。实验揭示了这种O/W型乳状液的基本组成和微观结构,分析了微乳液的形成和稳定机理,为严重乳化的三元复合驱采出液的油水分离提出了新思路。     

稠油油藏化学驱采收率的影响因素

采用烷基聚氧丙烯醚硫酸盐和羧基甜菜碱两类两性表面活性剂与碱复配构建具有不同界面张力特点的驱油体系,通过驱油试验评价不同体系对桩西稠油采收率的影响,采用微观驱替试验研究不同体系提高采收率的机制。结果表明:界面张力与采收率没有明显的对应关系;碱通过维持油、水、固三相接触点亲油性和降低油水界面张力,减弱驱替介质沿油与岩石之间的渗入,增强驱替介质从原油中心的突进和分散,提高驱替压力和波及体积;相比于碱和原油反应产生的表面活性剂,外加的表面活性剂亲水性较强,会增强固体表面的亲水性,导致驱油剂沿孔隙壁面突进;表面活性剂-碱体系与原油形成的细分散水包油型乳状液加剧了驱油剂的窜进,不利于提高波及系数;对于稠油油藏,化学驱体系的波及系数是提高采收率的关键因素。     

表面活性剂对长庆超低渗砂岩油藏化学渗吸的影响

以长庆油田超低渗储层Y284区块为研究对象,通过静态渗吸、油水界面张力、润湿性以及油水黏度比测量等实验,研究了表面活性剂性能对化学渗吸采收率的影响。结果表明:在超低渗Y284砂岩储层中,阴离子型表面活性剂的渗吸效果最好,并且阴离子亲油基碳链长度的增加可以增强渗吸作用;溶液p H大于两性离子等电点时,甜菜碱型表面活性剂可促进渗吸作用;阳离子表面活性剂不适用于砂岩油藏的化学渗吸采油中;当界面张力处于10-1m N/m数量级时,界面张力下降,渗吸采收率升高,当界面张力处于10-2m N/m数量级时,界面张力上升,渗吸采收率升高;表面活性剂可以改善岩石表面润湿性,增强渗吸作用;给出了油砂静态渗吸的毛管数表达式,润湿相黏度的适当增加或非湿相黏度的降低有利于毛管数的增加,可以增大渗吸采收率。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

正~~