Χ射线激发的光释光测年技术实验研究

】文章提出了利用Χ射线作光释光测年的激发光源，以此进行了实验研究。研究结果表明，利用Χ射线是可以激发辐射样品使其产生光释光信号的     

基于模糊综合评价法的泾川旅游资源评价

本文从泾川旅游资源的合理开发着手,选择了3个综合指标, 10个系统指标和22个子系统指标建立起旅游资源的综合评价体系,应用模糊综合评价法求算出该区旅游资源的总和分值,再结合泾川旅游资源开发现状及其对经济发展的贡献等提出该地区旅游资源开发的规划思想和措施,为泾川建立一个集社会效益-环境效益-经济效益为一体的旅游区提出合理化建议.     

Luminescence chronology of ＂Old Red Sand＂ in Jinjiang and its implications for optical dating of sediments in South China

A weathered deposit in South China is widespread on the coastal areas of Fujian and Guangdong provinces, China. This deposit consists of slightly cemented, medium- to fine-grained sands, and is characterized by its colors of red, brown red, light reddish brown or dark yellowish orange, and is usually called ＂Old Red Sand＂. The uncertainty in its formation age has been a major obstacle to the study of this type of deposit. In this paper, optically stimulated luminescence （OSL） techniques were used to date the ＂Old Red Sand＂ sediments from Jinjiang, Fujian Province, China. The effect of the geochemical behavior of uranium and thorium in sediment during chemical weathering on estimation of annual dose was investigated. The results show that the change in annual dose due to weathering poses a major problem for the optical dating of such weathered sediments. The optical dating of these weathered deposits will produce erroneous ages if average annual dose during burial cannot be correctly estimated. For the profiles studied, the OSL dates obtained on samples from the upper part do not represent the burial age of the samples. It is highly likely that they are underestimated due mainly to the accumulated radioactive elements as a result of chemical weathering. It is concluded that changes in annual dose due to chemical weathering must be considered when dating similar sediments in South China. With a detailed analysis of the OSL dating results, the chronology of the marine terraces in this area was suggested. The lowest terrace was formed at -3.5 ka and the second terrace was dated to -74 ka. The age of the highest terrace may not be established accurately, but is inferred to be older than the apparent OSL date of -77 ka and so is the Paleolithic artifacts from it.     

Li2B4O7:Cu,In的热释光和光释光的关系研究

制备了一系列不同烧结温度的Li2B4O7:Cu,In磷光体材料,利用X光衍射表征了样品的结构参量,测量了样品的热释光和光释光,并用指数衰减模型对光释光测量数据进行了拟合.结果表明不同烧结温度的样品中,相同辐照剂量条件下,光释光陷阱俘获电子的初始浓度n0与在光释光测量过程中晒退的热释光峰面积S存在线性关系,但光释光模型中不同的衰退时间常数τ并不能简单地和不同温度的热释光陷阱相对应.样品的烧结温度对光释光陷阱的衰退时间常数有一定影响,可能是因为烧结温度影响了多晶体系的晶粒大小,从而影响陷阱所俘获的电子的光电离截面.     

Fine grain IRSL and GLSL dating of late Quaternary sediments from North China

A possible approach to assess the fine grain OSL dating is discussed through comparison of equivalent dose (D_E) values and ages obtained by IRSL and GLSL of fine grains for 31 sediment samples from North China. The IRSL and GLSL were measured with the same aliquots for each sample, i.e. shine-down was by 100 s of IRSL (880 nm) followed by 100 s of GLSL (514 nm) on the same discs. The D_E values and ages found by IRSL are in good agreement with those by GLSL within 1—2σ for 80% samples, especially for aeolian loess samples. Considering that IRSL from feldspar differs obviously from GLSL dominated from quartz in dose response, thermal stability and optical bleaching characteristic, the agreement between the D_E values may be taken as evidence that the two clocks of IRSL and GLSL had been well reset during deposition. The consistent ages of IRSL and GLSL, in turn, may be referred to an indicator to evaluate the fine grain OSL dating of sediments.     

Design of a novel optically stimulated luminescent dosimeter using alkaline earth sulfides doped with SrS:Eu,Sm materials

Optically stimulated luminescence （OSL） is the luminescence emitted from an irradiated insulator or semiconductor during exposure to light. The OSL intensity is a function of the dose of radiation absorbed by the sample and thus can be used as the basis of a radiation dosimetry method. Alkaline earth sulfides doped with rare-earth elements such as Ce, Sm and Eu are OSL dosimeters having very high sensitivity, and the OSL with a short time constant is separated from the stimulated light. In this paper, a novel OSL dosimeter designed with SrS：Eu,Sm materials is described. The dosimeter takes advantage of the characteristics of charge trapping materials SrS：Eu,Sm that exhibit OSL. The measuring range of the dosimeter is from 0.01 to 100Gy. The equipment, which is relatively simple and small in size, is promising for applications in space exploration and high dose radiation dosimetry.     

Direct dating of Early Upper Palaeolithic human remains from Mladec

The human fossil assemblage from the Mladec Caves in Moravia (Czech Republic) has been considered to derive from a middle or later phase of the Central European Aurignacian period on the basis of archaeological remains (a few stone artefacts and organic items such as bone points, awls, perforated teeth), despite questions of association between the human fossils and the archaeological materials and concerning the chronological implications of the limited archaeological remains. The morphological variability in the human assemblage, the presence of apparently archaic features in some specimens, and the assumed early date of the remains have made this fossil assemblage pivotal in assessments of modern human emergence within Europe. We present here the first successful direct accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dating of five representative human fossils from the site. We selected sample materials from teeth and from one bone for 14C dating. The four tooth samples yielded uncalibrated ages of approximately 31,000 14C years before present, and the bone sample (an ulna) provided an uncertain more-recent age. These data are sufficient to confirm that the Mladec human assemblage is the oldest cranial, dental and postcranial assemblage of early modern humans in Europe and is therefore central to discussions of modern human emergence in the northwestern Old World and the fate of the Neanderthals.     

Archaeological records of Dadiwan in the past 60 ka and the origin of millet agriculture

This paper reports the recent excavation of Unit Dadiwan06 at the Dadiwan site in Qin’an County, Gansu.A 65 ka chronological framework is established for Dadiwan06 on the basis of absolute dating (AMS 14C and OSL), stratigraphy, climate change events and archaeology.Artifact distributions reveal patterns of human behavioral variation and adaptation over the past 60 ka, from primitive hunting and gathering to advanced hunting and gathering, to primitive Neolithic agriculture, and finally to advanced Neolithi...     

平凉市崆峒山旅游气候及人体舒适度特征分析

利用平凉市7县(区)气象观测站1961 -2010年近50年气象观测资料,分析了平凉市及主要旅游景点崆峒山的气候特征.根据气温、相对湿度、风速等气象要素的日平均值,计算出各县区逐日人体舒适度指数及各舒适度等级所占日数的年分布和历年平均值.利用1986-2010年崆峒山客流量资料,对崆峒山客流量和人体舒适度指数的年内变化进行了相关性分析.结果表明:平凉市气候宜人,冬无严寒,夏无酷暑,全年体感表现为冷感到舒适,适宜人们旅游疗养.7县(区)人体舒适度较高,适宜居住时间近6个月.夏季人体舒适度最高,处于舒适水平;春、秋季人体舒适度基本一致,处于较舒适水平;冬季人体舒适度较低,处于不舒适水平.由于地理位置和海拔高度的不同,7县(区)人体舒适度差异明显,其中舒适度较高的县(区)为崆峒、崇信、泾川、灵台,其次为庄浪、华亭、静宁.崆峒山客流量与人体舒适度指数的年内变化呈显著正相关.     

Evidence of fire use of late Pleistocene humans from the Huanglong Cave, Hubei Province, China

Since 2004, three excavations have been carried out at a late Pleistocene human fossil site of Huanglong Cave in Yunxi County, Hubei Province of China, which unearthed seven human teeth, dozens of stone tools, mammal fossils and other evidence indicating human activities. During the third excavation in 2006, in the same layer as the human teeth, we found some patches of black materials embedded in the deposit. We doubted that this black deposit layer is the remains of burning or even human use of fire at the cave. To further explore the possibility of human fire use at the Huanglong Cave, we examined samples directly taken from the black deposit layer and compared them with samples taken from several places in the cave using three methods: micromorphology, element content determination and deposit temperature analysis. Our results indicate that the contents of carbon element in the black deposit reach 64.59%―73.29%. In contrast, contents of carbon element of the comparative samples from other parts in the cave are only 5.82%―9.49%. The micromorphology analysis of the black deposit samples reveals a plant structure like axial parenchyma, fibrocyte, uniseriate ray and vessel. High-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements suggest that the stratum possibly underwent a high temperature in the nature. Based on these lab analyses, we are sure that the black layer in the Huanglong Cave is the remains of fire and combustion did occur in the cave 100000 years ago. Taking other evidence of human activities found in the Huanglong Cave into consideration, we believe that the evidence of fire from the Huanglong Cave was caused by the human activities of controlled use of fire.     

北京丰台地区新发现的一件人枕骨化石的研究

本文旨在对1987年“北京丰台地区新发现的一具人枕骨化石”进行初步探讨。我们对枕骨、骨壁、枕外脊、枕脊三角小区,枕脊及枕外粗隆等形态特征进行分析对照和研究,从而推导出这样的结论:该枕骨化石的年代不会少于一万年,它可能处于化石智人向现代人过渡的位置上。     

从古生物和地球化学标志看东濮凹陷早第三纪的海侵事件

东濮凹陷是否有海侵发生 ,直接影响着油气资源的评价 .通过对钙质超微化石、沟鞭藻类、遗迹化石、枝管藻、鱼类等古生物化石资料和石盐中的溴 ( Br-)及溴氯系数 ( Br-× 1 0 -3/Cl-)、碳酸盐岩中氧和碳同位素 ( δ18O,δ13C)值、泥岩中的 w( Th) /w( U)值等地化资料分析研究 ,认为东濮凹陷早第三纪沙河街组三段、一段沉积期发生过海侵事件     

Newly discovered Palaeolithic artefacts from loess deposits and their ages in Lantian,central China

Eight new Palaeolithic open-air sites were identified and 770 stone artefacts were collected from 2009 to 2011 in the Lantian area of the Bahe River valley, central China. Because the famous Homo erectus fossils were unearthed at the Gongwangling and Chenjiawo localities, and more than 30 Palaeolithic open-air sites were investigated in the 1960s in this region, the catchment of Bahe River is regarded as one of the most important hominin sites from the late early Pleistocene to the middle Pleistocene. These eight newly discovered open-air sites are located at the second(n = 6), third(n = 1) or higher terraces(n = 1) of the Bahe River. The Diaozhai section on the second terrace was sampled in detail. Two samples were collected for optically stimulated luminescence dating(OSL). The OSL results suggest that a buried lithic artefact layer at the Diaozhai site spans approximately 70–30 ka. The lithic assemblage analysis suggests that the stone artefacts were made of local pebbles/cobbles such as greywacke, quartz, sandstone and igneous rocks. The main percussion techniques that were used were direct hard hammer percussion and bi-polar techniques. The lithic artefacts comprise hammer stones, cores, flakes, retouched tools and flaking debris. Acheulian-type large cutting tools(LCTs) such as hand-axes, picks and cleavers were indentified in the Lantian region as well. This is the first time Acheulian-type LCTs from the late Pleistocene have been identified in this region. This study distinguishes age gaps between Western world and East Asian Acheulian-type tools.     

Analysis of one million base pairs of Neanderthal DNA

Neanderthals are the extinct hominid group most closely related to contemporary humans, so their genome offers a unique opportunity to identify genetic changes specific to anatomically fully modern humans. We have identified a 38,000-year-old Neanderthal fossil that is exceptionally free of contamination from modern human DNA. Direct high-throughput sequencing of a DNA extract from this fossil has thus far yielded over one million base pairs of hominoid nuclear DNA sequences. Comparison with the human and chimpanzee genomes reveals that modern human and Neanderthal DNA sequences diverged on average about 500,000 years ago. Existing technology and fossil resources are now sufficient to initiate a Neanderthal genome-sequencing effort.     

Chloroplast DNA sequence from a miocene Magnolia species

DNA has been successfully extracted from several samples of preserved tissue, the oldest so far reported originating from a 13,000-year-old ground sloth. Both severe damage to the preserved DNA, primarily due to oxidation of the pyrimidines, has prevented the acquisition of sequence data from ancient samples except in a few cases. We report here the extraction of DNA from fossil leaf samples from the Miocene Clarkia deposit (17-20 Myr old), the amplification of an 820-base pair (bp) DNA fragment from the chloroplast gene rbcL from a fossil of the genus Magnolia, and its subsequent sequencing. The sequence was verified by comparison with published and unpublished rbcL sequences. These results extend our ability to analyse ancient DNA and may open new avenues into problems in palaeobotany, biogeography, and in the calibration of mutation rates.     

青藏高原西南部仲巴地区细石器人类活动的时代探讨

青藏高原西南部仲巴地区已发现有3处细石器遗存地点,在仲巴地区选取了一个全新世风成沉积剖面进行年代测试分析以及粒度、地球化学元素等环境指标的分析,探讨仲巴地区的人类活动与气候变化及风沙活动的关系,进而推算细石器遗存的时代.8.9~7.3ka BP为气候湿润,风沙活动弱,成壤作用较强的时期,自然资源相对丰富,能够为细石器先民提供良好的狩猎活动条件.到7.3~3.8ka BP时期,气候干燥,风沙活动强,不利于人类活动.因此推测该区细石器遗存的形成时代在8.9~7.3ka BP左右.     

TIMS U-series ages of speleothems from the Tangshan caves, Nanjing

U-series ages of a set of speleothem samples from the two caves near Tangshan Town, Nanjing, determined by thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS), range from older than 500 KaBP to around 20 kaBP. These dated speleothems with unequivocal stratigraphic layers in cave sediments provide basic data to establish a geochronologic sequence for the cave sediments. Together with the buried layers of two hominid craniums, it is argued that the two fossil craniums, probably transported into the cave, deposited in different geological periods. The ages of one flowstone sample and stalagmites mark an upper limit of 500 KaBP for geochronology of No. 1 fossil cranium, and suggest No. 2 fossil cranium deposited within the age range of 500–240 KaBP.     

Develop hydroenergy resources and protect earth environment

Energy is a driving force behind the progress of human civilization. Mainly depend on the current human society of non-renewable fossil energy sources, such as coal and oil, its increasing demand. Gradually reduce the reserves, the contradiction between supply and demand becoming increasingly prominent. With the process of human history has moved forward with the depletion of fossil energy will eventually be unable to sustainable use. The total hydropower resources are limited, but it is renewable, clean energy, its energy is infinite. Therefore, the full use of limited water resources and slow down the depletion of fossil energy process, is to improve and protect the earth＇ s ecology and environment, one of the most realistic measures.     

海相化石群落识别的一种方法——以广西六寨泥盆系东岗岭组化石群落的识别为例

化石群落的识别是古代生物群落研究的基础．目前缺少普遍遵循的化石群落识别的原则，识别方法差异很大，这影响了古代群落研究的广度及深度．根据广西六寨泥盆系东岗岭组化石群落的研究实例，所提出的海相化石群落的一种识别方法，为解决识别方法上存在的分歧，提供了一条途径．该方法以注重群落与环境的整体性为原则，在沉积环境确定的基础上，依据化石群总体面貌（化石类型及其相对丰度）与沉积相带类型的对应性，来识别化石群落．     

High lake levels on Alxa Plateau during the Late Quaternary

Field investigations including lake shoreline measurement and ¹⁴C chronology have been carried out on the Alxa Plateau to better understand the formation and evolution of the high lake levels in northwest China during the late Pleistocene. Comprehensive field investigations show that there are at least ten shorelines at different elevations at Juyan Lake, at least four on the northwest side of the Jilantai Salt Lake, and nine shorelines and one terrace on the northeast margin of Zhuye Lake. Stratigraphic correlations and chronological evidence indicate that the paleo-lakes have the highest lake levels in Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3. Though the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) results which have been reported by some scholars do not support this view, the fact that the paleo-lakes have the highest lake levels in MIS 3 can not be denied. Differences between OSL and ¹⁴C results from this work might indicate that high lake levels existed on the Alxa Plateau during two different periods. It also suggests that the high lake levels may exist in both MIS 5 and early MIS 3. This paper also provides the basic hydrological information for further water resources research in this arid region.