热轧带钢的冷却参数与翘曲关系

针对卷取温度为500℃的12 mm厚X70管线钢热轧带钢,利用MARC有限元软件建立层流冷却过程中的热-力-相变耦合的数学模型,计算两种下上冷却水比时层流冷却过程中温度场、应力、应变、相变体积分数和翘曲度随时间的变化.结果表明:1.25水比的冷却过程中,厚度方向上各面的冷却速度不一致,导致水冷前期带钢上下表面应变不同,带钢会产生向上的翘曲,冷却过程中边部最大的翘曲量达到21.84mm;水冷后期带钢板形会逐渐恢复平直,但由于水冷过程中发生塑性变形,终冷时厚度方向上贝氏体含量的差异,卷取时带钢边部依然有-9 mm的翘曲量.上下表面的不均匀冷却是引起翘曲的根本原因.在保证X70管线钢性能条件下,采用1.58的下上水比工艺,卷取时边部翘曲量仅为-0.58 mm,合适的下上水比能大幅度减小层流冷却过程中带钢的横向翘曲.     

热轧带钢层流冷却系统的技术开发与应用

热轧带钢层流冷却过程的卷取温度精度直接影响带钢的组织性能和力学性能,是保证板带质量和板形良好的关键因素。所以对热轧带钢卷取温度的控制,成为热轧生产中的重要环节,对其过程进行分析和研究具有深远的现实意义。以国内某热轧厂经过改造后的板带层流冷却系统为背景,对如何提高层流冷却过程的卷却温度精度及钢板内外温度均匀性从控制方法上入手进行了较深入系统的研究。     

热轧带钢层流冷却系统的技术开发与应用

热轧带钢层流冷却过程的卷取温度精度直接影响带钢的组织性能和力学性能,是保证板带质量和板形良好的关键因素。所以对热轧带钢卷取温度的控制,成为热轧生产中的重要环节,对其过程进行分析和研究具有深远的现实意义。以国内某热轧厂经过改造后的板带层流冷却系统为背景,对如何提高层流冷却过程的卷却温度精度及钢板内外温度均匀性从控制方法上入手进行了较深入系统的研究。     

基于密集冷却工艺的700 MPa级高强带钢减小残余应力研究

目前密集冷却工艺已广泛用于生产高强度带钢,但是该技术冷却速率较快的特点易造成带钢冷却不均匀等问题,导致带钢残余应力过大,进而产生边浪等板形缺陷。本文利用有限元方法,使用ABAQUS有限元软件建立某700 MPa级高强度带钢在密集冷却工艺下的模型,实现温度-相变-应力耦合计算,并进行多个实验验证了模型的准确性。通过修改有限元模型边界条件和初始条件,研究边部遮挡和初始温差对带钢层流冷却阶段产生的残余应力分布的影响规律。对于减小带钢层流冷却过程中产生的残余应力,减小带钢进入层流冷却前的初始温差更加有效。本研究成果经过现场试验验证,可靠性较高,可用于指导该种类型高强带钢生产,以减少带钢的残余应力,提高带钢板形质量。     

热轧带钢层流冷却温度优化控制策略研究

在热轧带钢生产过程中,卷取温度是影响成品带钢性能的重要参数之一,其精度的高低对带钢质量至关重要.为保证产品具有良好的性能,采用层流冷却装置对热轧后的板带进行冷却控制,喷水系统的设定是层流冷却过程控制的关键.在冷却过程中带钢的温度不能在线连续检测,其过程具有强非线性和时变性,而且在冷却过程中存在相变,因此难以建立精确的数学模型去描述这一冷却过程.随着带钢厚度,精轧出口温度和轧制速度的变化,单独的前馈/反馈控制很难满足高精度的温度控制需要.在本文的研究中,一系列层流冷却控制策略被采用,包括前馈/反馈控制,自适应算法,以及控制带钢整体温度的均匀性策略.实践应用表明这些控制策略得到很好的检验,能有效地提高卷取温度的控制精度和均匀性.     

X65管线钢板交替与连续控冷工艺的计算与比较

为减小X65管线钢板控制冷却后的残余应力和翘曲,通过开发线性混合热膨胀模型、拓展Avrami相变动力学模型和应用Leblond的相变诱发塑性(TRIP)模型建立了热力耦合有限元模型,考虑了控冷时的弹塑性变形、热膨胀、相变潜热、相变膨胀、TRIP等所有物理效应.用该模型研究了2种控制冷却工艺下X65管线钢板的温度、残余应力、残余应变及翘曲.结果表明:与连续控冷相比,交替控冷使板的温度进一步降低7℃;上表面一侧的残余拉应力峰值进一步减小44 MPa;下表面一侧的残余总压应变峰值进一步增加0.001;翘曲由0.54×10-3减至0.09×10-3;故交替控冷可降低板内的残余应力,并减小翘曲.     

冷却工艺对热轧高强带钢残余应力的影响

为分析不同层流冷却工艺对热轧高强带钢残余应力的影响规律,以ABAQUS有限元软件为基础,采用FORTRAN语言编写用户子程序,建立热轧高强带钢快速冷却过程的有限元模型,对带钢层流冷却过程中温度场、组织及应力场的演变规律进行耦合计算。针对现场工艺,设计并实施过冷奥氏体连续冷却转变(CCT)试验和残余应力测试等试验对模型进行校正。以校正后的模型作为基础模型,修改基础模型的初始条件和边界条件,建立与边部遮挡、稀疏冷却、后段冷却、降低初始温差等4种层流冷却工艺对应的有限元模型,以定量分析4种工艺对减小带钢残余应力的效果。研究结果表明:原来无应力的带钢,经过层流冷却后,带钢宽度方向的应力分布变为边部有较大的压应力,中部有较小的拉应力。4种工艺都能有效减小残余应力,降幅从高到低依次为降低带钢横向初始温差、稀疏冷却、边部遮挡、后段冷却。     

利用神经网络提高热轧带钢卷取温度的控制精度

针对热轧带钢层流冷却过程的复杂性,以国内某热轧厂层流冷却系统为例,分析了层流冷却系统的组成以及相应的空冷和水冷数学模型.采用神经网络与数学模型相结合的方法,对带钢实测卷取温度与目标值的偏差进行了预报,证明利用神经网络能较好预测卷取温度的偏差值,进而对数学模型中的参数进行调整,实现高精度的卷取温度控制.结果表明,卷取温度比传统数学模型控制的标准差降低了21.94%.     

热轧带钢层流冷却过程混合智能控制方法

现有热轧带钢层流冷却过程缺少对卷取温度的直接反馈机制,难以将卷取温度控制在一定范围内.将机理模型与案例推理智能技术相结合,提出了由冷却区喷水集管开启阀门总数预设定模型、卷取温度预报模型、前馈补偿模型与反馈补偿模型四个模块组成的混合智能控制方法,并利用某钢厂的实际运行数据进行实验研究.实验结果表明即使在工况条件频繁变化时,提出的层流冷却混合智能控制方法也能够及时、自动调整喷水集管阀门开启总数的设定值,最终将实际卷取温度控制在工艺要求的范围内,从而提高热轧带钢的组织性能.     

X射线衍射法测量冷轧带钢残余应力

残余应力的不均匀分布是影响板形的根本原因.为了深入了解冷轧带钢残余应力的分布情况,文章采用X射线衍射法对在不同轧制条件下冷轧后带钢的残余应力进行了测量分析,研究了残余应力沿板厚方向的变化、张力对残余应力分布的影响以及残余应力与板形的关系.研究的结论对制定与完善板带轧制规程、提高板形质量具有重要意义.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the