壬基酚聚氧乙烯磷酸盐催化乙氧基化反应

以壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NP-4)为原料合成了壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚磷酸酯钾盐，用电位滴定法测定了单双酯的含量，并分别用于催化乙氧基化反应。通过色质连用仪测定了乙氧基化产物的分子量分布。研究结果表明，当n(壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NP-4))：n(五氧化二磷)=1：2，在70℃下反应5h，单酯的含量为75％．以其钾盐(cat-1)为催化剂，当n(正辛醇)：n(环氧乙完(EO))=1：4，催化剂用量为0．5％，在150℃下反应5h，正辛醇的转化率可达到90％，同时乙氧基化产物的分子量分布选择性指标是相同条件下NaOH为催化剂的1．7倍。     

正辛醇琥珀酸单酯磺酸钠的合成

以正辛醇、马来酸酐和亚硫酸氢钠为原料，合成了正辛醇琥珀酸单酯磺酸钠．结果表明：酯化反应最佳工艺系件为n[正辛醇]：n[马来酸酐]=1．00：1．05，催化剂无水乙酸钠的用量为物料总量的1％（质量分数）。于70℃下单酯化反应3．5h。得产率大于98％的单酯化产物．磺化反应条件以加浓度为35％的NaHSO3水溶液（其加入量为马来酸酐物质的量的1．05倍），加热温度90℃下磺化反应4h最佳．产物以IR进行表证，结果表明为预期产物．     

氨基磺酸催化合成甲酸环己酯

用氨基磺酸为催化剂，实现了甲酸与环己醇反应合成甲酸环己酯。考察了催化荆用量，原料配比．酯化时间，带水剂种类等因素对合成反应的影响，确定了最佳反应条件，最佳条件为n（醇）：n（酸）：1：2，催化剂用量为醇质量的5．3％，反应时间为1．Oh，产率可这80．7％，催化剂具有可循环使用等优点。     

大孔树脂负载金属离子催化合成尿囊素

以乙二醛和尿素为原料，用FeSO4-H2O2催化氧化合成乙醛酸．将所得乙醛酸溶液在不经分离及大孔树脂负载的Ce(SO4)2固体酸催化剂存在的情况下，与尿素缩合制备尿囊素，实验考察了催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间、原料配比、催化剂重复使用次数等因素对收率的影响．确定了最佳工艺条件，乙二醛氧化制乙醛酸的最佳工艺条件为反应温度15～20℃，n(乙二醛)：n(H2O2)=1：1．1，乙醛酸收率达82％．缩合反应的最佳工艺条件为Ce(SO。)2／大孔树脂催化剂用量为投料量的2％(质量比)，原料配比n(乙二醛)：n(尿素)=1：2．5，反应温度80℃，反应时间4h，产品尿囊素的收率可达54％，催化剂可重复使用11次以上。     

固体超强酸SO42-/SnO2催化合成顺丁烯二酸二异辛酯

以顺丁烯二酸酐和异辛醇为原料，用一种高活性的固体超强酸SO4^2-／SnO2催化剂催化合成了顺丁烯二酸二异辛酯，研究了酯化反应的优化条件。当n（异辛醇）：n（顺丁烯二酸酐）为2．8：1；催化剂用量为酐质量的1．0％时，反应时间120min，反应温度145℃，顺丁烯二酸二异辛酯的收率达到98．7％。同时对用H2SO4和对甲革磺酸催化该反应作了比较。     

月桂醇马来酸单酯磺酸钠的合成

以月桂醇、马来酸酐和亚硫酸钠为原料,合成了月桂醇马来酸单酯磺酸钠．结果表明：酯化反应最佳工艺系件为n[月桂醇]：n[马来酸酐]=1．00：1．05,催化剂烷基磺酸的用量为物料总量的1％（质量分数）,于80℃下单酯化反应3h,得产率大于98％的单酯化产物．磺化反应条件以加浓度为30％的NaHSO3溶液,其加入量为马来酸酐物质的量的1．10倍,加热温度90℃下磺化反应4h最佳．产物以IR进行表证,结果表明为预期产物．     

Sol—Gel固定磷钨酸催化合成乙酸丁酯

制备了正硅酸乙酯凝胶（Sol-Gel)固定磷钨酸催化剂，催化合成乙酸丁酯，实验表明，Sol-Gel与磷钨酸的质量比为15：1时催化性能最高，在催化剂用量为总反应物质量为5％，酸醇比为1．5：1，反应温度为105度，反应时间为3．5h的条件下，酯产率可达87％以上，催化剂易与产物分离，重复使用8次催化效果仍然较好。     

氨基磺酸系高效减水剂合成及性能研究

为获得对水泥具有高分散及分散稳定性的氨基磺酸系高性能减水剂，研究了合成反应中反应物比例、反应体系pH、缩合时间等条件变化对产物分散及分散稳定性的影响，并对结果进行了分析。结果表明：适宜的反应物比例是获得良好性能的重要因素，对氨基苯磺酸n：苯酚，2为1：2且(n酸 n酚)：n甲醛为1：1．25时所得产物性能好；反应在碱性条件下性能佳；缩合时间以4h为宜。此外，还研究了产物的相对分子量、起泡高度与分散性及分散稳定性的关系，结果显示，产物为非引气型高性能减水剂；相对分子量过低或过高，产物的分散和分散稳定性均不佳。用红外光谱对产物结构进行表征。     

N,N-二氰乙基对甲苯胺的合成研究

用无水三氯化铝作催化剂，在低温常压下，由对甲苯胺和丙烯腈合成N，N-二氰乙基对甲苯胺，研究了反应体系中各因素对反应的影响，实验结果表明：对甲苯胺双氰乙基化反应较适宜的工艺条件是：n(对甲苯胺)：n(丙烯腈)=1：2．6，催化剂用量为对甲苯胺的30％，反应温度为85℃，反应时间为24h，目标产物产率高达89％。纯度高于96％。     

乙二醇双子琥珀酸2-甲基戊基酯磺酸钠的合成及性能

采用酯化反应无需有机溶剂为介质、以碳基固体酸作酯化反应催化剂、磺化反应不外加相转移催化剂在常压下反应的新方法合成了乙二醇双子琥珀酸2-甲基戊基酯磺酸钠,最佳工艺条件为：单酯化反应,n（乙二醇）：n（顺酐）：l_00：2．10,催化剂碳基固体酸用量为顺酐质量的2％,于100℃反应4．7h,酯化率99．02％（质量分数）;双酯化反应。n（2-甲基-l-戊醇）：n（顺酐）=1-30：1．00,于210℃反应1．2h,酯化率95．34％（质量分数）;磺化反应,n（亚硫酸氢钠）：n（顺酐）：1．05：1．00。于油浴120℃反应3．2h,磺化率100．64％（质量分数）．对产物结构进行了IR光谱表征,测定了产物性能：CMC为2．5×10。mol／L,7cMc为27．79mN／m,乳化力为11．5min,渗透力为6s,耐硬水力为13．5min．比较了碳基固体酸和无水乙酸钠、对甲苯磺酸对酯化反应的催化效果,结果表明：碳基固体酸对酯化反应的催化效果好．且易于分离．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that