Effect of exogenous ammonium on glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase, and glutamate dehydrogenase in the root of rice seedling

Root biomass of rice seedlings was increased at lower concentration of exogenous NH ₄ ⁺ , but it was decreased at higher concentration of exogenous NH ₄ ⁺ . The level of free NH ₄ ⁺ in the roots was accumulated gradually with the increase of NH ₄ ⁺ concentration in the nutrient solution. The content of the soluble proteins was essentially constant at higher NH ₄ ⁺ . The activities of glutamine synthetase (GS), NADH-dependent glutamate synthase (NADH-GOGAT), and NADH-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (NADH-GDH) were risen with exogenous NH ₄ ⁺ concentration at the lower NH ₄ ⁺ concentration range. But the activities of GS and NADH-GOGAT were declined, and the level of NADH-GDH activity was kept constant under higher NH ₄ ⁺ concentration. The GS/GDH ratio suggested that NH ₄ ⁺ was assimilated by GS-GOGAT cycle under lower NH ₄ ⁺ concentration, but NADH-GDH was more important for NH ₄ ⁺ assimilation and detoxifying NH ₄ ⁺ to the tissue cells at the higher NH ₄ ⁺ level. According to the growth and the activity changes of these ammonium-assimilating enzymes of rice seedling roots, 10. 0 μg/mL NH ₄ ⁺ -N in nutrient solution was more suitable to the rice growth. Foundation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 3987052), Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province and International Rice Research Institute, P.O. Box. 3217, 1271 Makati City, Philippines. Biography: LI Ze-song(1968-), male, Graduate student.     

Study on young panicle culturein vitro from wild rice of different genomes

Researches have been made on young panicle culturein vitro from wild rice of different genomes. Main results are as follows: 1. The induction frequencies of young panicle culturedin vitro from wild rice varied largely a relation to its genome. The optimal induction period of callus is the stamen and pistil differentiation stage of young panicle development. 2. Plantlets were regenerated through two ways: first, culture method, the induced calli were transferred onto differentiation medium; second, regenerate plantlets directly from young panicles of wild rice that were cultured on the differentiation medium. 3. The regeneration rate of green plantlets that obtained through cryopreservated calli inO. meyeriana was 10 times higher than that of control. Foundation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (39279436) Biography: SHU Li-hui(1937-), Professor, Research in plant tissue culture.     

不同穗型的两个水稻品种株型的研究

以不同穗型水稻品种为试材,研究不同穗型水稻的株型.结果表明：与弯曲穗型水稻相比,直立穗型水稻品种在灌浆过程中,穗子基本保持直立,叶片尤其是上三叶叶片夹角小,从而使得在水稻的生育后期冠层光分布合理,群体中下部受光条件好,有利于CO2的扩散,有利于籽粒灌浆;而弯曲穗型品种随着灌浆的进行,穗子逐渐弯曲,对茎秆的作用力增大,易倒伏.在水稻的开花期和乳熟期群体饲喂CO2,发现稻穗的光合量仅占单株总光合量的5.4%,即稻穗由弯曲变直立后,穗本身功能并未增强.     

Genetic analysis and gene mapping of a narrow leaf mutant in rice ( Oryza sativa L.)

A narrow leaf mutant was obtained after T-DNA transformation conducted on a rice variety Zhonghua 11. Several abnormal morphological characteristics, including semi-dwarf, delayed flowering time, narrow and inward rolling leaves, and lower seed-setting, were observed. The rate of net photosynthesis (under saturate light) of flag leaves in the mutant was significantly lower than that of the wild type. Moreover, the leaf transpiration rate and stomatal conductance in the mutant flag leaf were lower than those of the wild type at the grain filling stage. It was found that the mutant phenotype was not caused by the T-DNA insertion. Genetic analysis showed that the mutant was controlled by a single recessive gene, designated as nal3(t). A genetic linkage map was constructed using a large F₂ mapping population derived from a cross between nal3(t) and an indica variety Longtefu B with 6 polymorphic markers on chromosome 12 identified from 366 SSR markers by the BAS method. Gene nal3(t) was mapped between the markers RM7018 and RM3331. Fine mapping of nal3(t) locus was conducted with 22 newly developed STS markers based on the sequence diversity around the region harboring nal3(t) between Nipponbare and 93–11, and nal3(t) was finally mapped to a 136-kb region between the STS markers NS10 and RH12-8. Supported by National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (Grant No. 2006AA10A102), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30600349) and Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (Grant No. Y306149)     

施氮量对不同穗型水稻品种生理特性的影响

以不同穗型水稻品种为试材，研究不同氮素水平对水稻生理特性的影响，结果表明：高氮水平下，两品种叶片中叶绿素含量、剑叶含氮量、单叶及群体光合速率、叶面积指数均高于低氮处理，下降速度也比低氮处理慢．这可能是直立穗型品种抽穗后物质生产能力强的生理原因．     

不同浓度不同氮源对小麦离体叶谷氨酰胺合成酶及其相关酶的影响

利用酶活测定和Northern分子杂变等技术，研究了小麦幼苗离体叶片在不同浓度的不同氮源供应下，其谷氨酰胺合成酶(Gs)、天冬酰胺合成酶(As)、硝酸还原酶(NR)以及Gs基因在转录水平GS-mRNA的变化．结果表明：NH 4处理的小麦，其叶部GS活性比N0f处理的高，NortherⅡ杂交结果说明GS-mRNA转录量与GS活性一致；NO-3可激活NR活性，对AS有较明显的诱导作用．     

Characterization and mapping of a white panicle mutant gene in rice

A spontaneous white panicle mutant was found from the F6 progenies of an indicajaponica cross.The mutant exhibits white stripes on its basal leaves while the panicles,rachis and pedicel are milky white colored at flowering stage.Genetic analysis in an F2 population from the cross of Zhi7/white panicle mutant indicates that the white panicle phenotype is controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene,tentatively termed as wp(t).Using microsatellite markers,the wp(t) gene was anchored between the markers of SSR101 and SSR63.9 with a map distance of 2.3 and 0.8cM,respectively,and co-segregated with the marker of SSR17 on rice chromosome 1.     

Preparation of pH-responsive ceramic composite membranes by grafting acrylic acid onto α-alumina membranes

A pH-responsive ceramic composite membrane was prepared by chemical graft polymerization of acrylic acid （AA） onto the KH-570 modified （x-alumina membrane. The influence of monomer concentration on the gating characteristics of the pH-responsive membrane was investigated. The FT-IR spectrum, contact angle and water filtration rate of the membrane were measured. The monomer concentration was found to have a remarkable effect on the pH-response coefficient and the water filtration rate. In addition, the grafted membrane exhibited fast and reversible response to the pH change in the external solution.     

Analysis of Male Sterility-Related Proteins of Young Panicle in Rice （Oryza sativa L. ） by Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis

For searching out male sterility-related proteins (polypeptides) in rice (Oryza sativa L.), we examined the difference of panicle protein (polypeptides) between hybrid rice (Wujin2A/R168, Wujin5A/R988) and their parents (male-sterile line Wujin2A, Wujin5A, and restorer line R168, R988) at the formation stage of pollen mother cell by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). The results revealed that the 2-DE polypeptide maps were similar among these experimental materials. A small group of polypeptides were disappeared in 2-DE polypeptide maps of male-sterile line (Wujin2A, Wujin5A) by comparing to restorer line (R168, R988) and the first filial (F₁) generation (Wujin2A/R168, Wujin5A/R988). The isoelectric points of these polypeptides were pI 5.8–6.5 molecular, weight 42.7×10³−66.2×10³. Foundation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30340079) and the Science and Technology Key Research Foundation of the Education Ministry of China (03109) Biography: HU Yao-jun (1960-), male Ph. D candidate, research direction: molecular cytogenetics.     

Responses of rice growth to copper stress under free-air CO2 enrichment （FACE）

The responses of rice to the second degree contamination of copper were studied by pot experiments under free-air CO2 enrichment （FACE） with 570 μmol ·mol^-1 of CO2. The results showed that the content of copper in rice leaves was reduced with the CO2 concentration reaching 570 μmol· mol^-1 and this happened more significantly under the second degree contamination of copper. Under FACE, activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD） enzyme in rice leaves treated by copper contamination were induced, whereas the contents of glutathione （GSH） and glutathione disulfide （GSSG） had no significant difference from the control. In the presence of ambient CO2, activities of SOD enzyme treated by copper pollution were suppressed during the whole rice growth, however, the contents of GSH and GSSG were induced at tillering and jointing stages, and then restored to the control levels in later growth under the second degree contamination of copper. With the rice growing, the content of malondialdehyde （MDA） rises continuously, but there had been no significant difference between the treatments at the same growth stage. Further studies are needed on the response mechanism of rice to Cu stress under elevated CO2.     

小麦谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)的器官分布及光照对GS基因表达的影响

用组织印迹法、Northern分子杂交、DEAE-纤维素柱层析技术、酶活性测定以及抑制剂等研究了小麦幼苗各器官谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性的变化和光对GS活性及GS-mRNA的影响。结果表明:小麦幼苗各器官的GS活性和特性是不一样的。PPT对绿叶中GS的抑制高于根部,对叶绿体谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS2)的抑制强于细胞质谷氨酰胺合成酶(GSI)。组织印迹杂交测定了小麦汁液GS-mRNA的器官组织专一性基因的表达。光对总RNA和GS-mRNA有明显的诱导作用。     

不同氮素水平对不同穗型水稻品种物质生产的影响

对两个不同穗型水稻品种沈农265号和铁粳4号,在不同氮素水平下物质生产情况进行了研究,结果表明,在高氮水平下,直立穗型品种沈农265号显示出本身的优势,经济产量高于弯穗型品种铁粳4号,而低氮条件下则相反.     

水稻花期干旱胁迫应答基因Os07g0422100启动子的克隆及鉴定

水稻作为需水量最大的作物之一,对于水分的胁迫异常敏感.对处于花期的水稻进行干旱胁迫处理,利用基因芯片技术筛选出在水稻花穗中特异性表达的应答干旱胁迫的基因Os07g0422100.在对该基因的研究中发现,该基因的表达图谱有较高的专一性,且该基因的启动子属于诱导型启动子,仅在受到干旱胁迫的水稻花穗中表达.利用Os07g04...     

Genetic basis of heterosis and inbreeding depression in rice （Oryza sativa L.）

The genetic basis of heterosis was studied through mid-parent, standard variety and better parent for 11 quantitative traits in 17 parental lines and their 10 selected hybrids in rice (Oryza sativa L.). The characters were plant height, days to flag leaf initiation, days to first panicle initiation, days to 100% flowering, panicle length, flag leaf length, days to maturity, number of fertile spikelet/panicle, number of effective tillers/hill, grain yield/10-hill, and 1000-grain weight. In general the hybrids performed significantly better than the respective parents. Significant heterosis was observed for most of the studied characters. Among the 10 hybrids, four hybrids viz., 17Ax45R, 25Ax37R, 27Ax39R, 31Ax47R, and 35Ax47R showed highest heterosis in 10-hill grain yield/10-hill. Inbreeding depression of F2 progeny was also studied for 11 characters of 10 hybrids. Both positive and negative inbreeding depression were found in many crosses for the studied characters, but none was found significant. Selection of good parents was found to be the most important for developing high yielding hybrid rice varieties.     

Studies of the energy release of mitochondria from sporophyte cytoplasmic male sterile rice by differential scanning calorimetry

The differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) curves of the mitochondria isolated from two varieties of sporophyte cytoplasmic male sterile and their fertile lines of Yie Bai and Ma Xie type rice have been determined. The curves show that the energy is released continuously as temperature rise to 70°C. Some thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the energy release of the mitochondria have been obtained. The presented results showed that the mitochondria from cytoplasmic male sterile rice released more heat and they had higher energy barrier, less rate, and more complicated mechanism than that of their fertile lines in the energy release process. Foundation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Biography: Zhou Pei-jiang (1956-), male, PhD, Associate professor. Current resarch interest is in biophysical chemistry and environmental ecological chemistry     

浙江省自然科学基金目标定位研究

自然科学基金制度是国家发展的产物.各地区自然科学基金在其地方基础研究中发挥着重要作用.以浙江省自然科学基金为案例,运用现代管理理论与浙江省科技、经济、社会发展现状相结合的方法,提出了浙江省自然科学基金目标定位.     

The record of cultivated rice from archaeobiological evidence in northwestern China 5000 years ago

Pollen, plant seeds and phytoliths from an AMS dated sediment profile at the Xishanping site indicate that the cultivation of rice might start no later than 5070 cal. a BP in the region of Tianshui, Gansu Province. It continued from 5070 to 4300 cal. a BP. This is so far the oldest and the most northwestern record of cultivated rice in Neolithic China, which extends the known region of prehistoric rice cultivation at least 2° longitude to the west. This finding provides important evidence for reconstructing the cultivation region of rice at 5000 a BP （an important time period）, and its spreading history in East Asia, during the Neolithic.     

Green fluorescent protein （GFP） as a vital marker for studying the interaction of Phytophthora sojae and soybean

Transgenic Phytophthora sojae strains that produce green fluorescent protein （GFP） were obtained after stable DNA integration using the Hsp70 promoter and the Ham34 terminator of Bremia lactucae. The expression of GFP during different developmental stages of P. sojae was observed using fluorescent microscopy. Based on this reporter system, the histopathologic events caused by the pathogen in soybean leaves, hypocotyls and roots were monitored. Meanwhile, the difference in resistance between different soybean cultivars against P. sojae was analyzed microscopically in roots. The results indicate that GFP can be stably expressed in zoosporangia, zoospores, cysts, hyphae and oospores of P. sojae. Using the GFP marker, the infecting pathogens in leaves, hypocotyls and roots of host could be distinctly visualized. The germ tube length of cysts germinating on the roots of resistant cultivar Nannong 8848 was longer than that on the roots of susceptible cultivar Hefeng 35. These results show for the first time that this eukaryotic reporter can be used in P. sojae as a stable and vital marker, allowing the study of genetics of this hemibiotrophic pathogen.     

Study on elastic modulus of individual ferritin

The mechanical property of individual ferritin was measured with force-volume mapping (FV) under contact mode of atomic force microscopy (AFM) in this work. The elastic modulus of individual ferritin was estimated by the Hertz mode. The estimated value of the elastic modulus of individual ferritin was about 250－800 MPa under a small deformation. In addition, the elastic modulus of individual ferritin was compared with that of the colloid gold nanoparticle.     

沙生异翅独尾草不同器官中可溶性糖含量的消长规律

以沙生类短命植物异翅独尾草为材料，对其各器官中可溶性糖和还原糖消长规律进行了研究。结果表明．根叶相比在盛花期之前根中可溶性糖和还原糖都高于叶，但在盛花期之后则叶的要高；花葶中可溶性糖和还原糖含量高于花。从苗期到营养生长期到花期，叶中的可溶性糖和还原糖含量不断增加到盛花期达到最高，而根中的可溶性糖和还原糖从苗期到营养生长期有所下降而后增加到盛花期达到最高。