3,6-二氯-2-甲氧基苯甲酸甲酯合成的热力学计算与分析

采用Benson、Fedors和Rozicka-Domalski基团贡献法对3,6-二氯-2-甲氧基苯甲酸甲酯合成进行热力学计算与分析,得到了反应温度为298.5～383.15 K时的反应焓变、吉布斯自由能变以及平衡常数与温度的关系.结果表明:该合成反应为吸热反应,反应吉布斯自由能变为负值,反应平衡常数数量级为10(2...     

苯胺氧化羰化反应体系热力学计算与分析

苯胺氧化羰化合成二苯脲或氨基甲酸酯是直接由CO出发替代污染严重的光气法的绿色工艺.对苯胺氧化羰化所涉及的主要主副反应采用基团贡献法进行热力学计算,求得相关反应焓、反应熵和Gibbs自由能数据,根据计算结果,副反应苯胺甲基化反应的平衡常数比主反应低3～5个数量级,另一副产物1,3-二氮杂萘为次要副产物.升高温度,主产物选择性会降低,而增大反应压力有利于主反应进行,提高主产物的选择性.     

3-羟基丙酸甲酯加氢合成1,3-丙二醇反应的热力学计算

3-羟基丙酸甲酯催化加氢是合成1,3-丙二醇的一种重要反应，具有工业应用前景.本研究对该反应及其涉及的副反应进行了热力学计算.采用Benson、Joback和Constantinou-Gani 3种基团贡献法，计算了上述反应目前尚缺失的热力学数据.按照Gibbs-Helmholtz方程绘制了相关反应的热力学平衡常数的对数值(lg k)与温度的变化曲线，其中Benson法所得结果与实验结果较好吻合.依据Benson法计算的平衡常数，绘制了压力和温度、压力和氢酯比、底物浓度分别对3-羟基丙酸甲酯加氢合成1,3-丙二醇反应平衡转化率的关系曲面和曲线图，并讨论了上述参数变化对反应的影响.计算数据显示，高压、高氢酯比、低温和低液时空速有利于3-羟基丙酸甲酯向1,3-丙二醇的转化，该结果与实验数据吻合.     

苯与2-丁烯烷基化反应的热力学分析

对苯与2-丁烯烷基化反应进行了热力学计算,得到不同反应温度下的焓值、吉布斯自由能和反应平衡常数,并研究了温度、反应物摩尔比以及原料中杂质对该反应热力学平衡的影响。结果表明：在此反应体系下,生成叔丁基苯的平衡转化率最大,更易发生;升高温度和提高反应物物质的量比,均有利于增大热力学平衡时仲丁基苯选择性;2-丁烯原料中杂质对烷基化基本无影响。     

外电场下SDB基本单元的氢氚取代的热力学研究

采用密度泛函B3P86方法在6-311G基组水平上对聚苯乙烯-二乙烯基苯(Polystyrene-Divinylbenzene SDB)单元结构分子在外场下的结构进行优化。根据热力学原理,研究了外场下SDB分子的氢氚取代反应的热力学性质,计算得到外场下SDB单元结构氢氚取代反应在不同温度下的标准生成自由能函变、反应平衡常数及氢氚反应的平衡压力比。表明T_2(g)+SDB_((H2))(s)→H_2(g)+SDB_((T2))(s)氢氚取代反应随外场的增加,在反应热力学上有利于正向反应的进行。     

三种脱硫剂的脱硫反应的热力学分析及机理研究

运用化学热力学理论对钙基脱硫剂（CaO、Ca（OH）2）和CuO／γ-Al2O3的脱硫反应的吉布斯函数（△G），反应平衡常数，平衡时SO2的分压进行计算，从而得出脱硫反应△G-T的关系式，计算不同温度下的△G，进而分析反应发生的可能性。在实验室条件下，CaO有效反应温度800℃下进行干法脱硫，Ca（OH）2反应温度60℃湿法脱硫，CuO／γ-Al2O3，400℃干法脱硫，分别在M／S（Ca／S或Cu／S摩尔比）为1．0、1．5、2．0进行实验。结果表明：三种脱硫剂脱硫活性顺序为：Ca（OH）2：〉CuO／γ-Al2O3〉CaO。这与热力学计算结果相一致。最后从反应机理出发，分析了脱硫活性差异的原因。     

甲苯和间戊二烯合成2,6-二甲基萘反应的热力学分析

采用Th inh法对甲苯和间戊二烯为原料合成2,6-二甲基萘过程中烷基化、环化、脱氢及异构化等各步反应进行了热力学计算,验证了其在热力学上的可行性,并得到了不同温度下各步反应的标准摩尔焓和平衡常数,得出热力学条件下各步反应的最佳条件。通过分析认为将脱氢和异构化两步耦合为一步在热力学上是可行的。     

乙醛缩合反应体系热力学计算和分析

采用Yoneda基团贡献法估算了乙醛羟醛缩合反应体系中各物质的标准生成焓、标准熵和等压热容,与部分文献值的比较表明估算较为准确.在此基础上计算了278~368 K液相反应和600 K气相反应时主、副反应的反应焓变、反应吉布斯自由能变和反应平衡常数.结果表明温度对主反应影响较大,低温液相反应对主反应有利,高温气相反应选择性低,主要副产物为2,4-己二烯醛.热力学分析与实验结果一致,乙醛缩合反应不宜采用高温气固相反应.因此实际生产中需对反应温度进行合理控制或对反应产物和原料及时分离,以提高反应转化率和选择性.     

甲醛和异丁醛羟醛缩合反应体系热力学分析

采用Joback和Yoneda基团贡献法及其他经验公式估算了甲醛(HCHO)和异丁醛(IBD)羟醛缩合体系中主产物2,2-二甲基-3-羟基丙醛(HPA),副产物新戊二醇(NPG),2,2-二甲基-1,3-丙二醇羟基特戊酸单酯(1115酯),异丁酸异丁酯等物质的生成焓、生成熵及摩尔定压热容等基础热力学数据,部分估算数据与文献值进行了对比,结果较为一致,说明估算方法可靠.计算了缩合体系中主、副反应在283~373K反应焓变、熵变、摩尔吉布斯自由能变和平衡常数,结果表明,主、副反应均为放热反应,各反应均能自发进行,由于主反应放热量相对较少,低温对主反应有利,1115酯、新戊二醇、异丁酸异丁酯是体系的主要副产物.异丁醛的转化率随温度和n(IBD)∶n(HCHO)的升高而降低,n(IBD)∶n(HCHO)=0.90时IBD转化率达到99%.计算值与实验值接近,表明本文的分析方法可行,可为甲醛和异丁醛缩合反应合成HPA的工艺条件优化提供依据.     

丙烷与二氧化碳耦合制丙烯的热力学模拟研究

采用HSC Chemistry 6.0热力学计算软件对丙烷与二氧化碳耦合制丙烯体系的热力学行为进行了模拟,得到了主副反应在标准大气压、温度400～1 000 K时的焓变、熵变、吉布斯自由能和平衡常数,并考察了C_3H_8和CO_2的摩尔比以及反应温度对丙烷与二氧化碳耦合制丙烯的影响.模拟结果表明,C_3H_8与CO_2的耦合反应主要由丙烷脱氢反应决定,常压条件下,当C_3H_8和CO_2的摩尔比大于3,反应温度不低于800 K时,丙烯的产率达到30.0%以上.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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