Non-equilibrium coherence dynamics in one-dimensional Bose gases

Low-dimensional systems provide beautiful examples of many-body quantum physics. For one-dimensional (1D) systems, the Luttinger liquid approach provides insight into universal properties. Much is known of the equilibrium state, both in the weakly and strongly interacting regimes. However, it remains a challenge to probe the dynamics by which this equilibrium state is reached. Here we present a direct experimental study of the coherence dynamics in both isolated and coupled degenerate 1D Bose gases. Dynamic splitting is used to create two 1D systems in a phase coherent state. The time evolution of the coherence is revealed through local phase shifts of the subsequently observed interference patterns. Completely isolated 1D Bose gases are observed to exhibit universal sub-exponential coherence decay, in excellent agreement with recent predictions. For two coupled 1D Bose gases, the coherence factor is observed to approach a non-zero equilibrium value, as predicted by a Bogoliubov approach. This coupled-system decay to finite coherence is the matter wave equivalent of phase-locking two lasers by injection. The non-equilibrium dynamics of superfluids has an important role in a wide range of physical systems, such as superconductors, quantum Hall systems, superfluid helium and spin systems. Our experiments studying coherence dynamics show that 1D Bose gases are ideally suited for investigating this class of phenomena.     

互为热平衡的系统是否一定有相同的温度：如何正确理解热平衡定律

本文用微正则系统理论研究了处于热平衡不系统温度的涨落，得到了一切互为热平衡的系统只有在热力学极限情况下，才有相同的温度，为热平衡定律的成立加上了统一性约束－系统包含大量的微观粒子或大量的自由度。     

Bose-Einstein condensation of photons in an optical microcavity

Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC)-the macroscopic ground-state accumulation of particles with integer spin (bosons) at low temperature and high density-has been observed in several physical systems, including cold atomic gases and solid-state quasiparticles. However, the most omnipresent Bose gas, blackbody radiation (radiation in thermal equilibrium with the cavity walls) does not show this phase transition. In such systems photons have a vanishing chemical potential, meaning that their number is not conserved when the temperature of the photon gas is varied; at low temperatures, photons disappear in the cavity walls instead of occupying the cavity ground state. Theoretical works have considered thermalization processes that conserve photon number (a prerequisite for BEC), involving Compton scattering with a gas of thermal electrons or photon-photon scattering in a nonlinear resonator configuration. Number-conserving thermalization was experimentally observed for a two-dimensional photon gas in a dye-filled optical microcavity, which acts as a 'white-wall' box. Here we report the observation of a Bose-Einstein condensate of photons in this system. The cavity mirrors provide both a confining potential and a non-vanishing effective photon mass, making the system formally equivalent to a two-dimensional gas of trapped, massive bosons. The photons thermalize to the temperature of the dye solution (room temperature) by multiple scattering with the dye molecules. Upon increasing the photon density, we observe the following BEC signatures: the photon energies have a Bose-Einstein distribution with a massively populated ground-state mode on top of a broad thermal wing; the phase transition occurs at the expected photon density and exhibits the predicted dependence on cavity geometry; and the ground-state mode emerges even for a spatially displaced pump spot. The prospects of the observed effects include studies of extremely weakly interacting low-dimensional Bose gases and new coherent ultraviolet sources.     

In and out of equilibrium

Albert Einstein's work on brownian motion showed how thermal equilibrium could be brought about by work exchanged through thermal fluctuations and viscous dissipation. Glasses are out-of-equilibrium systems in which this exchange happens at widely different timescales simultaneously. Theory then suggests the fascinating possibility that such behaviour may lead to a more general form of thermalization, in which the effective temperature shared by all components differs at each timescale.     

二维囚禁广义玻色气体的玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚

应用广义玻色-爱因斯坦分布函数研究在幂函数外势中二维广义玻色气体的玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚(BEC),导出二维广义玻色气体的临界温度、基态粒子占据率和热容量等物理量的解析表达式,讨论了非广延参数q对玻色系统热统计性质的影响.     

可积Hamilton系统的拓扑分类理论研究进展

简述了Ｈａｍｉｌｔｏｎ系统理论研究领域中的一个新分支－可积Ｈａｍｉｌｔｏｎ系统的拓扑分类理论的一个侧面，重点阐述了两个自由度Ｈａｍｉｌｔｏｎ系统能量面的拓扑对可积性的影响及其与稳定周期轨道的关系能主一些相关问题。     

n维理想玻色气体的内能和热容量

给出了Ｔ〉Ｔｃ和Ｔ〈ＴＣ情况下不同能谱的ｎ维简交理想玻色气体的内能及热容量的普遍表达式，应用于三维极端相对论理想玻色气体时则在Ｔ－ＴＣ处热容量ＣＶ出现跃变，这与通常玻色气体的ＣＶ在ＴＣ处连续的结果不同。     

均匀相互作用玻色气体的凝聚温度

最近人们已经在实验中实现了相互作用玻色气体的玻色－爱因斯坦凝聚,相互作用玻色气体的凝聚温度是玻色－爱因斯坦凝聚问题中一个重要的热力学量,运用鹰势方法和巨正则分布,作者对盒子中相互作用玻色气全的凝聚温度给预了详细考察,研究表明凝聚温度的移动为δTc/Tc=-2.9an^1/3,此处a和n分别为两粒子的S波散射长度和粒子精密度。     

Baierein猜测与三维Bose体系中外场对体系熵的影响

讨论并计算了量子情况下磁场中三维带电Bose子体系的熵，发现存在磁场时三维带电Bose子体系的熵有可能大于无磁场时的熵，从而证明了对于在外场下Bose子体系 Baierlein的观点不成立。     

Skyrmions in a ferromagnetic Bose-Einstein condensate.

Multi-component Bose-Einstein condensates provide opportunities to explore experimentally the wealth of physics associated with the spin degrees of freedom. The ground-state properties and line-like vortex excitations of these quantum systems have been studied theoretically. In principle, nontrivial spin textures consisting of point-like topological excitations, or skyrmions, could exist in a multi-component Bose-Einstein condensate, owing to the superfluid nature of the gas. Although skyrmion excitations are already known in the context of nuclear physics and the quantum-Hall effect, creating these excitations in an atomic condensate would offer an opportunity to study their physical behaviour in much greater detail, while also enabling an ab initio comparison between theory and experiment. Here we investigate theoretically the stability of skyrmions in a fictitious spin-1/2 condensate of 87Rb atoms. We find that skyrmions can exist in such a gas only as a metastable state, but with a lifetime comparable to (or even longer than) the typical lifetime of the condensate itself.     

Strong dipolar effects in a quantum ferrofluid

Symmetry-breaking interactions have a crucial role in many areas of physics, ranging from classical ferrofluids to superfluid (3)He and d-wave superconductivity. For superfluid quantum gases, a variety of new physical phenomena arising from the symmetry-breaking interaction between electric or magnetic dipoles are expected. Novel quantum phases in optical lattices, such as chequerboard or supersolid phases, are predicted for dipolar bosons. Dipolar interactions can also enrich considerably the physics of quantum gases with internal degrees of freedom. Arrays of dipolar particles could be used for efficient quantum information processing. Here we report the realization of a chromium Bose-Einstein condensate with strong dipolar interactions. By using a Feshbach resonance, we reduce the usual isotropic contact interaction, such that the anisotropic magnetic dipole-dipole interaction between 52Cr atoms becomes comparable in strength. This induces a change of the aspect ratio of the atom cloud; for strong dipolar interactions, the inversion of ellipticity during expansion (the usual 'smoking gun' evidence for a Bose-Einstein condensate) can be suppressed. These effects are accounted for by taking into account the dipolar interaction in the superfluid hydrodynamic equations governing the dynamics of the gas, in the same way as classical ferrofluids can be described by including dipolar terms in the classical hydrodynamic equations. Our results are a first step in the exploration of the unique properties of quantum ferrofluids.     

Mechanisms of extensive spatiotemporal chaos in Rayleigh-Benard convection

Spatially extended dynamical systems exhibit complex behaviour in both space and time--spatiotemporal chaos. Analysis of dynamical quantities (such as fractal dimensions and Lyapunov exponents) has provided insights into low-dimensional systems; but it has proven more difficult to understand spatiotemporal chaos in high-dimensional systems, despite abundant data describing its statistical properties. Initial attempts have been made to extend the dynamical approach to higher-dimensional systems, demonstrating numerically that the spatiotemporal chaos in several simple models is extensive (the number of dynamical degrees of freedom scales with the system volume). Here we report a computational investigation of a phenomenon found in nature, 'spiral defect' chaos in Rayleigh-Benard convection, in which we find that the spatiotemporal chaos in this state is extensive and characterized by about a hundred dynamical degrees of freedom. By studying the detailed space-time evolution of the dynamical degrees of freedom, we find that the mechanism for the generation of chaotic disorder is spatially and temporally localized to events associated with the creation and annihilation of defects.     

气体性质对单泡声致发光平衡参数空间的影响

构造了一个描述气泡宏观运动的均匀非绝热模型,结合气泡的平衡机制,分析了空气和惰性气体的各种特性对单泡声致发光的平衡参数空间的影响．发现气体性质通过对平衡参数空间的影响对单泡声致发光起着重要作用．其中热传导系数起着主要作用,它的减小将导致气泡的平衡半径与压缩比增大,并导致发光亮度的增强．     

灰箱等价系统及解析解

本文提出了一种计算扭转振动的新算法.把扭转振动系统置于灰箱中,并不断移动灰箱窗口,从而把多自由度系统化为多个单自由度系统来处理.文中利用该方法推导出了四个自由度和五个自由度系统的解析解,并给出了五个自由度系统的计算实例,     

History of trace gases in presolar diamonds inferred from ion-implantation experiments

Diamond grains are the most abundant presolar grains found in primitive meteorites. They formed before the Solar System, and therefore provide a record of nuclear and chemical processes in stars and in the interstellar medium. Their origins are inferred from the unusual isotopic compositions of trace elements-mainly xenon-which suggest that they came from supernovae. But the exact nature of the sources has been enigmatic, as has the method by which noble gases were incorporated into the grains. One observation is that different isotopic components are released at different temperatures when the grains are heated, and it has been suggested that these components have different origins. Here we report results of a laboratory study that shows that ion implantation (previously suggested on other grounds) is a viable mechanism for trapping noble gases. Moreover, we find that ion implantation of a single isotopic composition can produce both low- and high-temperature release peaks from the same grains. We conclude that both isotopically normal and anomalous gases may have been implanted by multiple events separated in space and/or time, with thermal processing producing an apparent enrichment of the anomalous component in the high-temperature release peak. The previous assumption that the low- and high-temperature components were not correlated may therefore have led to an overestimate of the abundance of anomalous argon and krypton, while obscuring an enhancement of the light-in addition to the heavy-krypton isotopes.     

Decoherence of matter waves by thermal emission of radiation

Emergent quantum technologies have led to increasing interest in decoherence--the processes that limit the appearance of quantum effects and turn them into classical phenomena. One important cause of decoherence is the interaction of a quantum system with its environment, which 'entangles' the two and distributes the quantum coherence over so many degrees of freedom as to render it unobservable. Decoherence theory has been complemented by experiments using matter waves coupled to external photons or molecules, and by investigations using coherent photon states, trapped ions and electron interferometers. Large molecules are particularly suitable for the investigation of the quantum-classical transition because they can store much energy in numerous internal degrees of freedom; the internal energy can be converted into thermal radiation and thus induce decoherence. Here we report matter wave interferometer experiments in which C70 molecules lose their quantum behaviour by thermal emission of radiation. We find good quantitative agreement between our experimental observations and microscopic decoherence theory. Decoherence by emission of thermal radiation is a general mechanism that should be relevant to all macroscopic bodies.     

多自由度强非线性系统的一种近似解法

地单自由度的频闪法推广到多自由度系统、建立了多自由度强非线性系统的频闪方法,求出了系统的周期解的近似表达式,分析了近似周期解的存在性和稳定性。     

二自由度平面机械手的模糊建模与模糊控制

本文以二自由度平面机械手为例，尝试用线性系统理论和模糊控制理论解决非线性系统问题。要点是：把一个整体非线性动力学模型看成是多个局部线性模型的模糊逼近；把整个非线性系统的控制看成是多个局部线性系统控制的模糊逼近。这种方法称为并行分配补偿法。本文建立了二自由度平面机械手的模糊模型并在此基础上用并行分配补偿法对系统进行了综合，最后用仿真进行了验证，证明了并行分配补偿法的成功和所建模型的合理性。     

弹性薄壳大变形分析的杂交应力法

本文基于增量余能原理,导出了用于板壳几何非线性分析的假定应力杂交模型。根据单元体边界和内部位移的协调内插以及满足单元体内应力平衡的应力分布假定,列出了有限元的公式,而最后的矩阵公式中只包含节点的未知位移。由此我们建立了3节点、15个自由度的三角形扁壳单元。考虑到计算量的原因,我们对这种单元的应力平衡条件进行了简化处理,仅采用部分满足应力平衡方程的非一致模式。有关公式都是在当前的拉格朗日坐标系统中建立的。数值计算结果表明,用杂交应力模式来分析板壳结构的大变形是很有效的。