Fluorescent pigments in corals are photoprotective

All reef-forming corals depend on the photosynthesis performed by their algal symbiont, and such corals are therefore restricted to the photic zone. The intensity of light in this zone declines over several orders of magnitude--from high and damaging levels at the surface to extreme shade conditions at the lower limit. The ability of corals to tolerate this range implies effective mechanisms for light acclimation and adaptation. Here we show that the fluorescent pigments (FPs) of corals provide a photobiological system for regulating the light environment of coral host tissue. Previous studies have suggested that under low light, FPs may enhance light availability. We now report that in excessive sunlight FPs are photoprotective; they achieve this by dissipating excess energy at wavelengths of low photosynthetic activity, as well as by reflecting of visible and infrared light by FP-containing chromatophores. We also show that FPs enhance the resistance to mass bleaching of corals during periods of heat stress, which has implications for the effect of environmental stress on the diversity of reef-building corals, such as enhanced survival of a broad range of corals allowing maintenance of habitat diversity.     

Isolation and Characteristics of New Heterotrophic Nitrifying Bacteria

The study presented the method for isolating the heterotrophic nitrifiers and the characterization of heterotrophic nitrification. When influent Ammonia nitrogen concentration was 42. 78-73. 62 mg/L. The average ammonia nitrogen removal rate was 81,32% from the bio-ceramics reactor. Sodium acetate and ammonium chloride were used as carbon and nitrogen source. The COD removal rates by microorganisms of strain wgy21 and wgy36 were 56.1% and 45.45%, respectively. The TN removal rates by microorganisms of strain wgy21 and wgy36 were 65.85%and 67. 98%, respectively. At the same time, the concentration of ammonium nitrogen was with the removal rates of 75.25% and 84.96%, and it also had the function of producing NO2-N. Sodium acetate and sodium nitrite were used as carbon and nitrogen source. Through the 12days of the aerobic culture, the COD femoral rates by microorganisms of strain wgy21 and wgy36 were 29.25%and 22.08%, respectively. NO2-N concentration decreased slowly. Comparison, similarity of wgy21 and many Acinetobacter sp. ≥99%, similarity of wgy36 and many Acinetobacter sp. ≥99%. Refer to routine physiological-biochemical characteristic determination, further evidences showed that wgy21 and wgy36 belong to Acinetobacter sp.,respectively.     

生物反应器高密度异养培养小球藻

首先用摇瓶实验确定异养流加分批培养小球藻中起始葡萄糖及KNO3的适宜浓度与流加葡萄糖及KNO3浓度的控制范围和补料液中最适C/N值.培养基中起始添加10g·L-1葡萄糖和1.6g·L-1KNO3较适宜.在此前提下,流加分批培养时葡萄糖和NO3-质量浓度应分别控制在617～245g·L-1和≤0.44g·L-1,补料液中最适C/N值为41.2.据此结果,经5L通风搅拌反应器放大培养实验,效果良好.连续流加分批异养培养小球藻59h,总糖60g·L-1,得藻生物量341g·L-1,葡萄糖转化率为56.8%,实现了高密度培养.     

我国海洋微型异养鞭毛虫研究:现状与展望

微型异养鞭毛虫作为海洋微食物环的关键环节之一,在海洋生态系统的物质循环、能量流动和营养盐再生等方面扮演极其重要的角色,是当代海洋微食物环研究的重要对象.本文就我国海洋微型异养鞭毛虫研究的现状进行了分析和评述,并结合国际上该领域的研究热点和趋势对今后我国海洋微型异养鞭毛虫研究的主要发展方向进行展望.     

Effect of bleached rhodopsin on signal amplification in rod visual receptors

Bleaching of rhodopsin markedly desensitizes the vertebrate visual system during a subsequent period of dark adaptation. Previous studies have indicated an origin of bleaching desensitization in the visual pigment itself, but have not identified the mechanism of action. A candidate for the site at which densensitization is initially expressed is the activation of transducin (formation of T*) on the rod disk membranes; this reaction directly involves rhodopsin in its photoactivated (R*) form and mediates initial amplification of the visual signal (reviewed in refs 7-9). We have analysed the effect of bleaching on the sensitivity of a flash-induced light-scattering signal known to monitor the disk-based amplifier, and which has been established as specifically monitoring transducin activation. We have recorded this signal from functioning retinal rods in situ ('ATR' signal) and find that bleaches inducing a pronounced, sustained loss in rod electrophysiological sensitivity do not alter the sensitivity of the ATR response after correction for reduced quantum catch. Our results indicate that the biochemical gain of the R*----T* transduction stage remains unchanged in the presence of bleached pigment and implicate a subsequent reaction as the first to show a sustained, bleaching-dependent gain reduction.     

新型异养硝化细菌的硝化和反硝化特性

从生物陶粒反应器中分离出2株新型异养硝化细菌，经过生理生化鉴定和16SrDNA测序，鉴定出这2株菌分别属于Pseudomonas sp．和uncultured Acinetobacter sp．,并建立了系统发育树，采用乙酸钠-氯化铵作碳源和氮源进行硝化特性研究，经过12d好氧培养，wgy5和wgy33氨氮最终去除率为82．86％和78．30％，总氮最终去除率为65．50％和61．60％，并且具有产生亚硝态氮的硝化性能．在亚硝化培养基中经过12d的好氧培养，wgy5和wgy33对亚硝态氮的最终去除率为82．20％和80．36％，在硝化培养基中wgy5和wgy33对硝态氮的最终去除率为84．10％和90．12％．     

中国珊瑚化学成分与生物活性研究新进展

综述了近10年来中国珊瑚(软珊瑚、柳珊瑚和石珊瑚)的化学成分和药理研究新进展;从珊瑚中分离出了许多结构新颖并具有强烈生理活性的化合物;化合物的类型主要涉及到甾醇类、萜类、含氮化合物类、长链脂肪酸酯和长链醇类.     

Thresholds and the resilience of Caribbean coral reefs

The deteriorating health of the world's coral reefs threatens global biodiversity, ecosystem function, and the livelihoods of millions of people living in tropical coastal regions. Reefs in the Caribbean are among the most heavily affected, having experienced mass disease-induced mortality of the herbivorous urchin Diadema antillarum in 1983 and two framework-building species of coral. Declining reef health is characterized by increases in macroalgae. A critical question is whether the observed macroalgal bloom on Caribbean reefs is easily reversible. To answer this question, we must resolve whether algal-dominated reefs are an alternative stable state of the ecosystem or simply the readily reversible result of a phase change along a gradient of some environmental or ecological parameter. Here, using a fully parameterized simulation model in combination with a simple analytical model, we show that Caribbean reefs became susceptible to alternative stable states once the urchin mortality event of 1983 confined the majority of grazing to parrotfishes. We reveal dramatic hysteresis in a natural system and define critical thresholds of grazing and coral cover beyond which resilience is lost. Most grazing thresholds lie near the upper level observed for parrotfishes in nature, suggesting that reefs are highly sensitive to parrotfish exploitation. Ecosystem thresholds can be combined with stochastic models of disturbance to identify targets for the restoration of ecosystem processes. We illustrate this principle by estimating the relationship between current reef state (coral cover and grazing) and the probability that the reef will withstand moderate hurricane intensity for two decades without becoming entrained in a shift towards a stable macroalgal-dominated state. Such targets may help reef managers face the challenge of addressing global disturbance at local scales.     

小球藻USTB01的异养培养和叶黄素的生产

研究了异养无光照条件下不同碳源、氮源和碳氮质量比对小球藻生长及叶黄素产生的影响.结果表明,葡萄糖和硝酸钾分别是支持小球藻USTB01持续快速生长的最佳碳源和氮源.以葡萄糖和硝酸钾分别作为唯一碳源和氮源时,在初始氮质量浓度都为0.28 g·L-1情况下,碳氮质量比为25∶1是促进小球藻生长的优化控制条件.硝酸钾是促进小球藻USTB01叶黄素生物合成的最佳氮源,但在碳氮质量比从15到30的范围内,小球藻细胞中叶黄素含量随碳氮质量比的升高而降低.     

Conventional taxonomy obscures deep divergence between Pacific and Atlantic corals

Only 17% of 111 reef-building coral genera and none of the 18 coral families with reef-builders are considered endemic to the Atlantic, whereas the corresponding percentages for the Indo-west Pacific are 76% and 39%. These figures depend on the assumption that genera and families spanning the two provinces belong to the same lineages (that is, they are monophyletic). Here we show that this assumption is incorrect on the basis of analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Pervasive morphological convergence at the family level has obscured the evolutionary distinctiveness of Atlantic corals. Some Atlantic genera conventionally assigned to different families are more closely related to each other than they are to their respective Pacific 'congeners'. Nine of the 27 genera of reef-building Atlantic corals belong to this previously unrecognized lineage, which probably diverged over 34 million years ago. Although Pacific reefs have larger numbers of more narrowly distributed species, and therefore rank higher in biodiversity hotspot analyses, the deep evolutionary distinctiveness of many Atlantic corals should also be considered when setting conservation priorities.     

几株异养硝化细菌与好氧反硝化细菌的分离与鉴定

从海水养殖场的生物膜,逛荡河口淤泥,烟大三元湖底泥中分离筛选出8株异养硝化细菌和8株好氧反硝化细菌.分别对16株细菌的异养硝化性能和好氧反硝化性能进行测定,结果表明,异养硝化细菌Y-3、Y-6、Y-7的72 h NH4+-N去除率分别为95.65%、96.60%、96.09%,好氧反硝化细菌F-3、F-5、F-7的72 h NO3--N去除率分别为76.20%、75.87%、76.00%.选择性能较高的3株异养硝化细菌和3株好氧反硝化细菌进行传统生理生化鉴定,并对各菌株的16S r DNA序列进行测定及分析,结果表明,Y-3和F-3为除烃海杆菌(Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus),Y-6为溶藻孤菌(Vibrio alginolyticus),Y-7和F-7为恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida),F-5为海洋单胞菌属(Oceanimonas sp.).     

发酵罐葡萄糖流加大规模异养培养小球藻

应用流加工艺在5,50,200,800,4000L机械搅拌发酵罐中大规模异养培养小球藻,与间歇异养或光照自养相比,流加培养大大地提高了细胞密度和生产率,最高细胞质量浓度达到43.31g/L,比生长速率达到0．069h^-1,细胞生产率达到0．62g/(L.h),结果表明,利用传统的机械搅拌发酵罐大规模生产小球有良好的商业化前景。     

Developmental plasticity and human health

Many plants and animals are capable of developing in a variety of ways, forming characteristics that are well adapted to the environments in which they are likely to live. In adverse circumstances, for example, small size and slow metabolism can facilitate survival, whereas larger size and more rapid metabolism have advantages for reproductive success when resources are more abundant. Often these characteristics are induced in early life or are even set by cues to which their parents or grandparents were exposed. Individuals developmentally adapted to one environment may, however, be at risk when exposed to another when they are older. The biological evidence may be relevant to the understanding of human development and susceptibility to disease. As the nutritional state of many human mothers has improved around the world, the characteristics of their offspring--such as body size and metabolism--have also changed. Responsiveness to their mothers' condition before birth may generally prepare individuals so that they are best suited to the environment forecast by cues available in early life. Paradoxically, however, rapid improvements in nutrition and other environmental conditions may have damaging effects on the health of those people whose parents and grandparents lived in impoverished conditions. A fuller understanding of patterns of human plasticity in response to early nutrition and other environmental factors will have implications for the administration of public health.     

武夷山不同森林类型土壤异养微生物数量与类群组成

在武夷山自然保护区选择了三个森林类型土壤定位观察区，周期地研究异养微生物数量和细菌、放线菌和丝状真菌等三大类群异养微生物组成变化．结果表明：不同森林类型土壤异养微生物数量和类群组成极为不同，即使同一森林类型土壤不同小生境异养微生物数量和类群组成也有明显差异．文中讨论了上述差异原因，并分析该森林类型土壤的生产力和肥力水平     

具有硝化作用的异养菌脱除氨氮的性能研究

从消化污泥中筛选、分离出具有硝化作用的异养菌用于校园生活污水的处理。工艺采用厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)和序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)。结果表明：当ABR停留时间5h，SBR曝气时间3h，投菌量50g／L，温度(28～30)℃，CODCr／NH3-N≥4．4时，其对NH3-N、CODCr、浊度去除率分别达84．1％、94．7％、93．0％。     

突触可塑性与学习记忆

以LTP为例,通过综述前人实验及理论,对突触可塑性的两种表现形式:即结构可塑性和 传递效能可塑性与学习记忆的关系进行了研究.突触可塑性被认为是学习记忆的神经学基础,而其 中最受人们关注、研究最多的是突触传递的长时程增强(LTP).     

北部湾夏、冬两季异养细菌的水平分布特征及其影响因子

于2006年7月15日-8月7日和2006年12月25日-2007年1月22日对北部湾夏、冬两季水体中异养细菌丰度进行调查,探讨环境网子对异养细菌丰度的影响.结果表明,北部湾夏、冬两季异养细菌平均丰度分别是8.00×103和3.85× 102 mL-1.夏季北部湾北部海域表、中、底3个水层异养细菌丰度均显著高于中部和南部海域(p＜0.05),而冬季北部海域表层水体反而成为异养细菌丰度的低值区(p＜0.05),中层和底层水体中异养细菌丰度分布差异不大.随着离岸距离的增加,夏季水体中异养细菌丰度呈现逐步降低的趋势,而冬季这种趋势不明显.活性硅酸盐(SiO3 -Si)和叶绿素a(Chl a)浓度是影响北部湾夏、冬季异养细菌丰度水平分布的关键环境因子.除此之外,冬季水体中异养细菌的丰度还与温度、盐度和溶解氧(DO)显著相关.