The impact of ocean warming on marine organisms

Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution during the late eighteenth to the early nineteenth centuries, there has been rapidly increasing release of greenhouse gases, notably CO₂, into the atmosphere. As a consequence of this atmospheric change, the Earth’s average surface temperature has increased by approximately 0.6 °C over the last 100 years. The rate of release of greenhouse gases continues to increase, and global surface temperature rose by approximately 0.2 °C per decade in the last 30 years, a rate that is greater than at any other time during the last 1,000 years. The wide-ranging effects of these increases in greenhouse gases and temperature on the biosphere are subject to intense scientific study. Much has been learned, but much more needs to be elucidated, if we are to predict how terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems will be affected by global change. This brief review focuses on the marine environment and offers a concise summary of some of the important advances in our knowledge about the impacts of global change, including physical and chemical changes of the ocean, as well as the impact of ocean warming on marine organisms. Our analysis also points out areas where critical new information is needed if we are to predict the future of marine ecosystems in a warming world with accuracy.     

The impact of ocean warming on marine organisms

Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolu- tion during the late eighteenth to the early nineteenth centuries, there has been rapidly increasing release of greenhouse gases, notably CO〉 into the atmosphere. As a consequence of this atmospheric change, the Earth＇s average surface temperature has increased by approxi- mately 0.6 ℃ over the last 100 years. The rate of release of greenhouse gases continues to increase, and global surface temperature rose by approximately 0.2 ℃ per decade in the last 30 years, a rate that is greater than at any other time during the last 1,000 years. The wide-ranging effects of these increases in greenhouse gases and temperature on the biosphere are subject to intense scientific study. Much has been learned, but much more needs to be elucidated, if we are to predict how terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems will be affected by global change. This brief review focuses on the marine environment and offers a concise summary of some of the important advances in our knowledge about the impacts of global change, including physical and chemical changes of the ocean, as well as the impact of ocean warming on marine organisms. Our analysis also points out areas where critical new information is needed if we are to predict the future of marine ecosystems in a warming world with accuracy.     

越南西原地区民族分离主义问题研究

越南西原地区由于民族和宗教问题分别于2001年2月和2004年4月发生两起较大规模的少数民族发起的游行示威及骚乱,对西原地区,乃至于对越南整个的经济、社会的发展造成了很大影响。     

海底沉积物剪切强度的试验研究

通过在船上现场测试,对勘探海域沉积物剪切强度进行了测试和分析.并从力学特征等方面对海底沉积物进行了综合工程地质特性研究,发现测试区域剪切强度特征随含水量的变化而变化.当含水量较高时,具有抗剪切强度小的力学特性.同时结果也表明沉积物剪切强度随深度加大而增大,到一定深度后强度趋于平稳.不同站位的沉积物由于其类型不同其剪切强度随深度的变化也不一样,有的甚至还有较大的差别.图2,表1,参9.     

江苏海岸带生物体的重金属水平与生态评价

通过对江苏海岸带几种主要生物的重金属含量测定,分析生物体的重金属富集效应和元素间的变化．分析结果表明,底栖生物的重金属含量高于浮游生物,生物肉体和壳体对外界金属元素的吸收具有选择性,一般壳体吸收更多的有害元素;对于不同的生物个体,吸收的主要方式和含量不同．根据有关海洋生物体污染物标准,认为江苏沿海的生物体已受到轻度污染．     

Mercury pollution in Rana Chensinensis in Weisha River reach, in the upstream region of Songhua River

Twice a year continuous samples of Rana Chensinensis and sediments have been collected near gold mine in the upstream region of Songhua River from 2000 to 2002, for analyzing the total mercury （THg）, methylmercury （MeHg） concentration and correlation in sediments, muscles, livers of the frog. The study indicates that THg and MeHg concentrations in polluted samples near the gold mine are higher than those in unpolluted ones. THg and MeHg con- centrations are higher in autumn, in female, and in livers than those in spring, in male, in muscles respectively. The order of concentration degree in the frog organizations is as follows： liver〉muscle〉ovum〉Fallopian tube. MeHg is the main form of mercury （Hg） existing in autumn, while inorganic Hg is in spring. There is no distinct difference of CMeHg/CTHg between male and female, livers and muscles. The correlation between MeHg concentrations in the river sediments and in the frog＇s livers and muscles are significant, which is related to disorderly discharge of Hg.     

SG921-1型双光束测汞仪测定头发中的痕量汞

用SG921—1型双光束测汞仪测定了头发中痕量汞．结果表明两组发样的回收率分别为101．7％和99．1％，该方法具有灵敏度高、精密准确、操作简便易行等优点．     

贵州万山汞矿汞污染生物健康效应

为了探讨贵州万山汞矿汞污染生物健康效应,研究了万山8个月龄鸭子和万山粮食暴露20、30d后大鼠脑、肝、血中MDA、SOD、GSH—px的变化以及大鼠大脑皮层中c-JUN蛋白表达．结果表明：在鸭血清、脑和肝组织中GSH—px和SOD活性与对照组相比均显著升高（P〈0．05）,而MDA含量没有发生显著变化（P〉0．05）;万山组大鼠脑、肝、血中MDA、SOD、GSH—px的变化除暴露20dMDA与对照组相比脑组织中含量显著升高（P〈0．05）外,其他均无显著变化（P〉0．05）;大鼠大脑皮层c—JUN蛋白表达显著增加．从而可以推断,硒对汞引起的氧化损伤有很强的保护能力;汞对大鼠脑f—JUN蛋白表达的诱导不是或仅小部分由脂质过氧化所介导．     

固体测汞仪直接测定土壤中的汞含量

本文采用固体测汞仪直接测定土壤中汞含量的方法,无需对样品进行消解、水浴等前处理过程,对环境污染小。测定结果的相对标准偏差小于5%(n=6),方法检出限为0.0206ng,使用该方法对国家土壤标样进行测定,结果与标准值相符。该方法具有良好的准确度和精密度,可用于土壤中微量汞的测定。     

环境中汞的形态分析

从环境中汞的存在形态出发,按测定方法进行分类;综述了近几年来汞的形态分析方法,并对各种方法进行了比较.     

环境中汞的形态分析

从环境中汞的存在形态出发，按测定方法进行分类；综述了近几年来汞的形态分析方法，并对各种方法进行了比较．     

典型地区汞污染效应及其粮食诱导大鼠c-jun表达

为探讨典型汞污染地区汞的生态影响、汞污染对当地居民健康的影响和危害评价以及汞神经毒性分子机制,对我国贵州万山汞矿环境介质和食物链进行了调查,并应用万山和清镇两地实验田生产粮食对大鼠进行暴露,结果发现,该矿区水土环境介质样品及农作物、植物和动物体中的汞含量,多数都超过了国家标准及对照地区,有的超出幅度很大;实地粮食能够显著诱导大鼠脑即早基因c-jun mRNA表达;即早基因c-jun参与了汞污染粮食对中枢神经系统损害的毒性过程。