武汉府河湿地鸟类多样性研究

武汉府河湿地是长江中下游地区重要的自然资源,生物多样性丰富对湿地生态修复和湿地功能效益发挥具有重要作用.2019年12月—2020年12月利用样线法、样点法对武汉府河湿地鸟类物种组成及其多样性进行调查,结合实地调查和文献资料,统计出武汉府河湿地鸟类18目54科223种,以雀型目物种占比最大,约占43.05%.居留型方面,以迁徙鸟类为主,占比74.44%,留鸟仅占比25.56%;区系类型方面,以古北种为主,占59.19%;其次是东洋种,占27.35%;广布种最少,占13.45%.生态类型方面,鸣禽为六大类中种类最多的型,占比43%,广泛分布于各类生境中.结果显示,武汉府河湿地鸟类物种类型丰富、种类多样、季节差异显著;生物多样性方面,秋冬季节物种优势性更为明显.建议建设府河湿地公园;建立鸟类重点保护与监测区,加强对珍稀濒危鸟类的调查监测力度,开展长期动态监测;加强宣传力度,提高居民生态保护意识.     

蘑菇属的初步研究

蘑菇属是一类重要的经济真菌,很多种具有食用和药用价值。在对新疆和我国其他部分地区考察研究的基础上,结合参阅国内外文献,对蘑菇属的种类、生态概况及开发利用加以叙述。     

我国牧草资源多样性的保存鉴定和利用的研究

根据实际调查结果，论述了我国牧草遗传资源的多样性，以及牧草遗传资源多样性的保存现状，介绍了当前中国牧草遗传资源的鉴定结果和开发利用的有关情况，并针对存在的问题，提出一些建设性意见。     

福建森林群落的乔木构成数量特征

据对福建境内30处山地森林样地调查数据,采用 Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数、Simpson 生态优势度与群落均匀度指标,定量测度森林群落的乔木构成水平为物种多样性指数约3～4,生态优势度为0.10～0.25,群落均匀度为0.75～0.90,作者据此探讨了群落的乔木构成特征及其对福建亚热带森林研究与林业实践的意义。     

扎龙生态资源在生物教学与科研中的优势

扎龙属北温带大陆性季风气候,是同纬度地区景观最原始、物种最丰富的湿地自然综合体.独特的地理环境、多样性的动植物资源、特有的珍惜物种、突显的生态系统服务功能,模式化的生态特征变化等,为进行动植物野外实习和生态学研究提供了极佳场所,本文对扎龙生态资源在生物教学与科研中的优势进行了探讨.     

文化多样性对中国城市住房价格的影响

利用中国254个地级及以上城市的商品房价格数据,以汉语方言多样性衡量文化多样性,研究以方言为代表的地域文化对城市住房价格的影响。研究表明,在控制了城市的经济发展水平、城市生态环境状况等因素后,以方言种类衡量的文化多样性对城市商品房价格具有显著的负影响,即文化越多样的城市,房价越低,文化多样性会通过阻碍地方人口流入而抑制房价。     

基于GIS的流域水电开发生态约束性评价

 基于地理信息系统（GIS）方法构建大尺度流域生态评价工具,对于整体评价流域/区域自然生态系统对水电开发的约束状况,编制水电梯级开发规划具有重要意义。本文探讨了流域尺度生态约束性概念模型,从生态环境约束、物种多样性约束及环境敏感区约束方面构建生态约束性评价指标体系,建立基于GIS和层次分析法的生态约束性空间加权评价模型,提出相应的计算流程,并以中国西南某流域为例开展了案例研究。结果表明,所构建的基于GIS的流域水电开发生态约束性评价方法,能够客观地反映流域自然生态系统对水电开发的约束状况,且方法简便、易于操作,可为编制水电开发规划及方案提供参考。     

扎龙生态资源在生物教学与科研中的优势

扎龙属北温带大陆性季风气候,是同纬度地区景观最原始、物种最丰富的湿地自然综合体。独特的地理环境、多样性的动植物资源、特有的珍惜物种、突显的生态系统服务功能,模式化的生态特征变化等,为进行动植物野外实习和生态学研究提供了极佳场所,本文对扎龙生态资源在生物教学与科研中的优势进行了探讨。     

井冈山大学校园湿地松人工林植物多样性研究

植物多样性对于区域生态平衡和生态功能的维护以及生物资源的可持续性有重要意义。湿地松(Pinus elliottii)是我国南方丘陵区主要的造林树种,具有显著的经济效益,且发挥着维护生态环境的重要作用。本试验对井冈山大学校园湿地松人工林的植物多样性进行研究,结果表明湿地松人工林的植物物种有37种,Margalef物种丰富度指数(12.302±1.450)与江西省吉安县湿地松人工林的物种多样性丰富度指数相近,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(0.444±0.219)和Simpson多样性指数(0.972±0.011)均低于相同气候区湿地松人工林植物多样性指数,说明试验区湿地松人工林群落结构单一,不利于植物群落的稳定和正常生态功能的发挥。应合理配置一些阔叶树种来形成异龄混交林结构,以提高植物多样性、系统稳定性及生态系统服务功能。     

A Study on Forest Species Diversity and Its Ecological Service Function in the Plateau Area of Western Sichuan

This paper presents a study on species diversity and its ecological service function in the plateau area in western Sichuan. The results show that species diversity in the plantations on the cutover land has a tendency to increase and that its ecological service function is to be improved with stand age growing. The species diversity in forest communities is also gradually increased on different succession stage till reaching a climax level. But the species diversity in the climax community is slightly decreased before it reaches a relatively constant status. Ecological service function of diversity is gradually strengthened with the progress of succession. In addition, species diversity in a stand in a similar site and at a same age differs among forest types. Species diversity index within a coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest is larger than that within a coniferous forest. Meanwhile, species diversity enriches as the tree density increases.     

外来种入侵与生态安全

世界的生物多样性正受到严重威胁，其中，生物入侵已成为威胁生物多样性的重要因素之一，近年来，外来种入侵对我国生物多样性的危害日益加剧，已经危及到我国的生态安全，为此从介绍与外来种入侵有关的概念入手，分析了外来种入侵的途径，生物入侵对我国生态环境、生物多样性（包括物种多样性和遗传多样性）、经济及社会的严重影响，提出在外来种入侵的防治和管理方面，应根据我国国情和目前生物入侵的实际状况，加强国家能力、研究能力和监管能力建设，确保我国的生态安全。     

谢二矿塌陷塘浮游植物群落结构特征指数分析

随着采煤塌陷区不断扩展,矿区生态环境状况不断恶化。从2005年4月~2006年3月对谢二矿采煤塌陷塘进行了调查,对其进行了浮游植物的种类组成、丰度分布及群落结构特征指数(多样度、均匀度、丰富度、优势度和单纯度)等群落生态学初步分析。结果表明:谢二矿采煤塌陷塘物种多样性较丰富,多样度、均匀度和单纯度这三种多样性指数都较好地表达了浮游植物的多样性。为塌陷塘生态环境状况的改善及其开发利用提供了一定的理论基础。     

Low host specificity of herbivorous insects in a tropical forest

Two decades of research have not established whether tropical insect herbivores are dominated by specialists or generalists. This impedes our understanding of species coexistence in diverse rainforest communities. Host specificity and species richness of tropical insects are also key parameters in mapping global patterns of biodiversity. Here we analyse data for over 900 herbivorous species feeding on 51 plant species in New Guinea and show that most herbivorous species feed on several closely related plant species. Because species-rich genera are dominant in tropical floras, monophagous herbivores are probably rare in tropical forests. Furthermore, even between phylogenetically distant hosts, herbivore communities typically shared a third of their species. These results do not support the classical view that the coexistence of herbivorous species in the tropics is a consequence of finely divided plant resources; non-equilibrium models of tropical diversity should instead be considered. Low host specificity of tropical herbivores reduces global estimates of arthropod diversity from 31 million (ref. 1) to 4 6 million species. This finding agrees with estimates based on taxonomic collections, reconciling an order of magnitude discrepancy between extrapolations of global diversity based on ecological samples of tropical communities with those based on sampling regional faunas.     

An extant cichlid fish radiation emerged in an extinct Pleistocene lake

The haplochromine cichlid fish of the East African Great Lakes represent some of the fastest and most species-rich adaptive radiations known, but rivers in most of Africa accommodate only a few morphologically similar species of haplochromine cichlid fish. This has been explained by the wealth of ecological opportunity in large lakes compared with rivers. It is therefore surprising that the rivers of southern Africa harbour many, ecologically diverse haplochromines. Here we present genetic, morphological and biogeographical evidence suggesting that these riverine cichlids are products of a recent adaptive radiation in a large lake that dried up in the Holocene. Haplochromine species richness peaks steeply in an area for which geological data reveal the historical existence of Lake palaeo-Makgadikgadi. The centre of this extinct lake is now a saltpan north of the Kalahari Desert, but it once hosted a rapidly evolving fish species radiation, comparable in morphological diversity to that in the extant African Great Lakes. Importantly, this lake seeded all major river systems of southern Africa with ecologically diverse cichlids. This discovery reveals how local evolutionary processes operating during a short window of ecological opportunity can have a major and lasting effect on biodiversity on a continental scale.     

太子河河岸带植物群落特征及其物种多样性研究

 以野外样方调查数据为基础,调查了太子河干流河岸带植物物种的组成、种类和外貌,应用重要值计算了太子河河岸带植物丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数、优势度指数,分析了其物种的多样性差异,从而为太子河河岸带的生态修复提供理论和技术依据.结果表明:太子河干流河岸带23个植物样方中,共有36科124属201种,群落物种组成较为丰富,但仅限于草本植物;物种组成以菊科、禾本科、蓼科、莎草科、蔷薇科植物为主,植物种类以灯心草、菵草、狭叶水蓼、野稗、看麦娘、水蓼、酸模、丝叶蒿、薹草、中华结缕草、散穗早熟禾、东方藨草等为主;太子河干流河岸带植物物种结构简单,物种组成较少;植物物种多样性水平较低,从多样性指数的数量特征来看,Patrick丰富度指数的变化范围为3.00—28.00,Pielou均匀度指数的变化范围为0.66—0.89,Simpson多样性指数的变化范围为0.54—0.91,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数的变化范围为0.86—2.73,Simpson优势度指数的变化范围为0.09—0.46.太子河干流河岸带受到的人为活动干扰,如农业生产、挖沙等,降低了物种多样性水平.     

川西高原森林生物多样性及其生态功能的研究

对川西高原森林物种多样性及其生态功能进行了研究。结果表明，在采伐迹地上，人工林的物种多样性及其生态功能随着林龄的增长呈现增加和增强的趋势。天然林群落的物种多样性随着顺行演替的进行逐渐增加，至顶极阶段，群落的物种多样性有所减少。但是，群落的生态功能却始终随着演替的进行逐步增强。此外，在相似立地条件、同密度和同龄的天然林中，针阔叶混交林的物种多样性指数要高于针叶混交林；而在相似立地条件、同龄的天然林中，高密度林分的物种多样性低于低密度林分。     

大石门沟森林公园群落结构与物种多样性特征

采用典型样地法,利用物种多样性指数、均匀度指数、生态优势度指数分析大石门沟森林公园群落结构和物种多样性.结果表明:1)乔木和草本种类丰富,但灌木种类较少.调查区域内乔木共28种,灌木26种,草本91种,分属58科107属,各种类主要以阔叶落叶种为主;2)群落水平结构分布规律不明显,但在垂直结构上呈现出一定的规律性,可分为乔木层、草本层、灌木层.乔木层和草本层结构相对复杂稳定,灌木层结构单一;3)各群落乔木层优势种明显,群落Ⅰ、群落Ⅱ、群落Ⅲ都由3~4个优势种组成,群落Ⅳ乔木层只有1种优势种,如果不进行人工干预,短时间不会改变这种状况;4)群落间的物种多样性指数差异不显著,但各群落的灌木层多样性指数远小于乔木层和草本层,即草本层乔木层灌木层,物种多样性与物种丰富度和分布均匀度呈正相关.整体来看,大石门沟森林公园物种多样性指数整体趋势为群落Ⅱ群落Ⅲ群落Ⅰ群落Ⅳ.     

快速城市化的珠江三角洲非污染生态影响初步分析

人类生活和生产中各种开发利用自然资源活动是引起非污染生态影响的主要原因,而城市化是其中影响最深的过程之一.珠江三角洲作为我国快速城市化的典型区域,城市化引起的非污染生态问题显著.该区域的土地利用变化大,城镇、交通用地迅速增加,林地、草地、耕地则大幅减少.城市植被的种类少、优势种突出、外来物种较多,从而明显降低了区域的生物多样性.由于不合理开发土地资源的人为活动,城市区域的水土流失严重,而且侵蚀强度相当大.     

Biodiversity improves water quality through niche partitioning

Excessive nutrient loading of water bodies is a leading cause of water pollution worldwide, and controlling nutrient levels in watersheds is a primary objective of most environmental policy. Over the past two decades, much research has shown that ecosystems with more species are more efficient at removing nutrients from soil and water than are ecosystems with fewer species. This has led some to suggest that conservation of biodiversity might be a useful tool for managing nutrient uptake and storage, but this suggestion has been controversial, in part because the specific biological mechanisms by which species diversity influences nutrient uptake have not been identified. Here I use a model system of stream biofilms to show that niche partitioning among species of algae can increase the uptake and storage of nitrate, a nutrient pollutant of global concern. I manipulated the number of species of algae growing in the biofilms of 150 stream mesocosms that had been set up to mimic the variety of flow habitats and disturbance regimes that are typical of natural streams. Nitrogen uptake rates, as measured by using (15)N-labelled nitrate, increased linearly with species richness and were driven by niche differences among species. As different forms of algae came to dominate each unique habitat in a stream, the more diverse communities achieved a higher biomass and greater (15)N uptake. When these niche opportunities were experimentally removed by making all of the habitats in a stream uniform, diversity did not influence nitrogen uptake, and biofilms collapsed to a single dominant species. These results provide direct evidence that communities with more species take greater advantage of the niche opportunities in an environment, and this allows diverse systems to capture a greater proportion of biologically available resources such as nitrogen. One implication is that biodiversity may help to buffer natural ecosystems against the ecological impacts of nutrient pollution.     

湖南小溪国家级自然保护区常绿阔叶林及其生态意义

湖南小溪国家级自然保护区地处华中武陵山脉中段,110°06′50″E-110°21′35″和28°42′15″-28°53′15″N之间,面积3 520 hm²,是我国常绿阔叶林保存比较完好的区域.初步研究结果表明该区常绿阔叶林主要包括钩栗林、湘西青冈林、巴东木莲林、利川润楠林、甜槠林、栲-银木荷林、湘西石栎林等,具备我国亚热带常绿阔叶林的一般特征,同时又具有较强的湿热特性和热带亲缘,可视为我国低海拔常绿阔叶林的典型代表,有利于我国亚热带地区生物多样性保护和生态环境维持.小溪常绿阔叶林不仅物种极为丰富,而且还拥有大量珍稀、孑遗和特有植物类群以及保存和孕育这些珍稀或特有种的河谷特殊生境,对研究我国乃至全球亚热带常绿阔叶林,揭示常绿阔叶林形成、分化,特别是河谷特殊生境物种多样性形成及其维持机制具有重要的理论意义与实践价值.