Inhibitory effect of halocyamine,an antimicrobial substance from ascidian hemocytes,on the growth of fish viruses and marine bacteria

Summary Halocyamine A, an antimicrobial substance isolated from hemocytes of the solitary ascidianHalocynthia roretzi, inhibited in vitro the growth of fish RNA viruses (infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus). Pretreatment of RNA virus with halocyamine A reduced the infectivity of the virus toward host cells. The growth of marine bacteria,Achromobacter aquamarinus andPseudomonas perfectomarinus, was also inhibited by halocyamine A but that ofAlteromonas putrefaciens andVibrio anguillarum was not. These results suggest that halocyamine may have a role in the defense mechanisms ofH. roretzi against marine viruses and bacteria.     

Isoenzymes of glutamate-oxalacetate transaminase in the larvae of silkwormsBombyx mori infected with nuclear polyhedrosis virus

Summary Nuclear polyhedrosis virus infection induced changes in the activity and isoenzyme pattern of glutamate-oxalacetate transaminase in the larvae of silkworm,Bombyx mori.The author wish to thank the director of CSRTI, Mysore for providing the virus preparation and the silkworm larvae.     

Morphology of a non-occluded virus isolated from citrus red mite,Panonychus citri

Summary The size and morphology of virus particles isolated from citrus red mite (Panonychus citri) are similar to those observed in thin sections. The similarity to the virus particles isolated fromOryctes rhinoceros suggests affinity to theBaculovirus group.Presently at USDA, ARS, Fruit and Vegetable Insect Laboratory, Vincennes, IN 47591.     

Effect of NPV of the armywormMythimna (Pseudaletia) separata on the silkwormBombyx mori

Summary Nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) material of the armywormMythimna (Pseudaletia) separata was administered in the form of PIBs and free virus rods to the larvae of silkwormBombyx mori. Routes used for administration were topical, intrahaemocoelic and oral. The larvae were treated with following concentrations: 10×10⁵ PIBs/L, 10×10⁶ PIBs/L, 10×10⁷ PIBs/L, 10×10⁸ PIBs/L. In all the 3 experiments, the larvae showed neither any signs and symptoms, nor mortality due to polyhedrosis. Thus it appears that the NPV ofM. (P.) separata is safe for the silkwormB. mori.Acknowledgments. We are grateful to the Karnatak University, Dharwad, for awarding UGC Junior Fellowship to S.G.D. and for financial assistance made available to S.B.M. We thank Professor M. Appaswamy Rao, Department of Zoology, for providing the necessary facilities. Our thanks are also due to Mr B. Chavannawar for supplying mulberry leaves and to the Government Silk Farm, Hindalaga, Belgaum, for providing silkworm eggs.     

Reversion of virus N-1 resistant mutant of blue-green algaNostoc muscorum

Summary The reversion of N-1 virus resistant strain of the algaNostoc muscorum was studied by inoculating parent virus in the resistant culture at various incubations. A fraction of virus resistant cells reverted to wild sensitive type with the reversion rate of 3.99×10^–6/cell/generation.We gratefully acknowledge Dr H.K. Pande and Dr S. Patnaik, Crops and Soils Division.     

Age-dependent tolerance toBaculovirus in last larval instars of the codling moth,Cydia pomonella,L., induced either for pupation or for diapause

Summary LD₅₀ values as well as time-dependent parameters of granulosis virus infections were determined at different times during the last larval instar (L₅) of the codling moth,Cydia pomonella L., induced either for pupation or for diapause. A significant increase of tolerance to virus was found in 48-h-old L₅ induced for pupation, and 24 h later in L₅ induced for diapause.     

Antiviral activity of coralloid root ofCycas revoluta extract against some viruses of tomato plant

Summary Crude coralloid root extract ofCycas revoluta showed significant antiviral activity against viruses of the tomato plant (PVX, PVY, TMV, TAV and TRSV) when applied 24 h before virus inoculation, or when mixed with different virus inocula before virus inocultion, in hypersensitive and systemic hosts. No such inhibition was observed when extract was applied 24 h after virus inoculation. TAV did not show any inhibitory response in a systemic host.Authors are thankful to Dr S. N. Gupta and Dr (Smt.) K. Shukla for their valuable guidance and providing laboratory facilities and U.G.C. for financial assistance.     

In vitro guanidino-resistance and guanidino-dependence of poliovirus

Riassunto Il virus poliomielitico può essere reso,in vitro, guanidino-resistente se propagato serialmente in culture cellulari contenenti dosi crescenti di guanidina. Proseguendo nei passaggi seriali in presenza delle dosi massime di guanidina tollerate dalle cellule, si ottiene un ceppo di polio virus che si sviluppa assai meglio in terreni contenenti la sostanza che non in terreni che ne siano privi.Tale caratteristica, che richiama quella della antibiotico-dipendenza di alcuni schizomiceti, sembra deporre per una autonomia del virus rispetto alla cellula ospite maggiore di quanto sinora ritenuto.     

Encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus-induced diabetes mellitus prevented byCorynebacterium parvum in mice

Summary Corynebacterium parvum prevented the development of encephalomyocarditis virus-induced diabetes in mice, when it was given 3–14 days before the virus infection. This treatment inhibited virus replication in the pancreas of the infected mice at an early stage of the infection.     

Simian virus 40 infection of uninoculated african green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) revealed by repeated cell passages

Résumé Nous avons trouvé le virus SV₄₀ chez le singeCercopithecus aethiops présumé non infecté. Par la méthode de culture des cellules du rein et en effectuant des passages rapides nous avons pu démontrer l'existence du virus même chez les animaux dépourvus d'anticorps et même dans le cas où le virus n'apparaissait pas durant le premier passage.     

Effect of inhibitors of protein synthesis from plants on tobacco mosaic virus infection

Summary Ricin, abrin, modeccin, gelonin andMomordica charantia inhibitor, as well as crude extracts ofBryonia dioica seeds and ofDianthus caryophyllus leaves, each inhibit protein synthesis in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate and reduce local lesion production by tobacco mosaic virus, thus resembling the effects of the pokeweed antiviral peptide.     

The effect of BCG-vaccination on vaccinia virus infections in mice

Summary Pretreatment with BCG yielded a high degree of protection against experimental vaccinia virus infections in mice.Corynebacterium parvum andAristolochia acid were less protective; other immunostimulants were ineffective.     

Inhibition of virus multiplication and alteration of cyclic AMP level in cell cultures by flavonoids

Summary The inhibitory effect of four flavonoid compounds on virus multiplication and their influence on the intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) level were studied in cell cultures. Quercetin and quercitrin reduced the yields ofHuman (alpha) herpesvirus 1 (HSV-1) andSuid (alpha) herpesvirus 1 (pseudorabies virus), but hesperidin and rutin had no effect. Further, quercetin and quercitrin elevated the intracellular level of cAMP, whereas hesperidin and rutin did not alter the cAMP level. Both antiviral activity and cAMP-enhancing effect were dependent on the concentrations of the flavonoids, and these effects turned out to be parallel.This study suggests that a relation exists between the antiviral effect and the cAMP-enhancing activity of flavonoids.     

Free amino acids of the haemolymph of the cotton leaf-worm,Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval full-grown larvae,infected with nuclear-polyhedrosis virus

Summary Free amino acids in the haemolymph ofSpodoptera littoralis full-grown larvae infected with a nuclearpolyhedrosis virus were compared with those in the haemolymph of normal insects. Amino acids were separated by 2-dimensional paper chromatography and quantified colorimetrically. Most of the amino acids in the haemolymph of diseased full-grown larvae decreased markedly in concentration but proline, lysine, aspartic acid and histidine occurred in greater concentration in the haemolymph of diseased full-grown larvae than in the haemolymph of healthy insects.     

Isolation of a Soldado-like virus (Hughes group) fromOrnithodorus maritimus ticks in Ireland

Summary Three isolations of a virus of the Hughes group were obtained from seabird ectoparasites,Ornithodoros (Alectorobius) maritimus, on Great Saltee Island, Ireland. The agent is closely related to Soldado virus, originally obtained from related ticks near Trinidad, West Indies, and represents the second recorded tickborne arbovirus in Ireland.These investigations were supported in part by the Royal Irish Academy (Praeger Fund).     

An increase in Sendai virus-induced cell fusion of erythrocytes infected withPlasmodium chabaudi

Summary The extent of cell fusion induced by Sendai virus was examined in erythrocytes infected withPlasmodium chabaudi. An increase in cell fusion of erythrocytes with Ehrlich tumor cells and of erythrocytes with erythrocytes was observed wit the infected erythrocytes. However, agglutination by the virus was not changed between erythrocytes of normal and malarial mice. These results indicate that the increase in cell fusion occurred in the process of membrane fusion, suggesting that some membrane property ofPlasmodium-parasitized erythrocytes is changed in terms of Sendai virus-induced cell fusion.We thank Drs George L. Gerton, T. Matsuyama and M. Niwa for their comments on this work and Mr I. Kimata for preparing photographs.     

An antiviral factor fromMelia azedarach L. prevents Tacaribe virus encephalitis in mice

Summary Treatment of neonatal mice with an antiviral factor, (AVF), obtained from the leaves ofMelia azederach L. protected them against lethal encephalitis caused by Tacaribe virus inoculation. The degree of protection obtained varied from 66% to 100% depending on the virus dose. Similarly, administration of AVF to nursing mothers protected their offspring from developing virus encephalitis. AVF does not directly inactivate Tacaribe virus; it inhibits an early step (s) in the replication process in cell cultures.Dedicated to Prof. Luis Leloir on his 80th birthday.Acknowledgment. This study was supported by Grant 9353/84 from the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.     

Cell proliferations inLymantria dispar L. larvae infected with the nuclear polyhedrosis virus

Résumé Dans l'hypoderme et l'épithelium trachéal de chenilles deLymantria dispar L. infectées expérimentalement avec le virus de la polyhédrose nucléaire, nous avons découvert des proliférations cellulaires de type néoplasmique. Dans les cellules des tissus de prolifération on observe une hypertrophie du noyau et du nucléole, la formation d'une strome virogénique et l'apparition d'inclusions virales — modifications caractéristiques produites par le virus de la polyhédrose nucléaire.     

Der Einfluss von Tetracyclin auf die Vermehrung des Kartoffel-Blattrollvirus im VektorMyzus persicae

Summary Tetracycline hydrochloride treatment decreased the transmission rate of potato leafroll virus (PLRV) byMyzus persicae. It also prevented the PLRV-induced swellings of the A/F nuclei of the salivary gland. Apparently there is a connection between these two phenomena. The A/F cells may be a site of virus multiplication.     

Susceptibility of various strains of chicken to the oncogenicity ofYaba virus

Résumé Le virusYaba, pox virus oncogène pour les primates, a produit des microtumeurs sur la membrane chorioallantoÏque des embryons de poulet de quelques variétés et de différents âges. La sensibilité a pu Être transférée d'une variété à l'autre par l'inoculation de. liquide allantoÏque.