四川黑熊线粒体12S和16S rRNA基因的克隆及序列分析

利用哺乳动物线粒体基因的保守序列设计引物,采用PCR方法,首次从亚洲黑熊四川亚种（Ursus thibetanus mupinensis）的肌肉组织总DNA中扩增出了线粒体12S rRNA和16S rRNA基因并进行了序列测定及分析.结果表明,四川黑熊12S rRNA基因长965 bp;16S rRNA基因长1 580 bp.通过进一步的序列分析表明,四川黑熊的12S rRNA和16S rRNA基因有较高的进化速率,与美洲黑熊、棕熊、北极熊、眼镜熊及大熊猫的相应基因相比较有较大差异,其中与美洲黑熊的同源性相对较高.     

生物砾间接触氧化反应器中原核生物多样性及其对剩余污泥减量化的贡献

采用分子生物学手段，通过构建16S rRNA基因文库，对新型剩余污泥减量化处理技术——生物砾间接触氧化反应器 （GCOR） 中悬浮颗粒的原核生物多样性进行了系统发育分析，并讨论了多种原核生物共存对剩余污泥减量化的贡献. 结果表明，颗粒的原核生物可分为好氧呼吸菌群与厌氧水解发酵菌群两大类. 其中，优势菌群分别是以呼吸代谢为主的假单胞菌属和以发酵为主要代谢方式的拟杆菌/噬纤维菌菌属，它们的16S rRNA序列各占文库的17%.此外，好氧菌群中还发育有α蛋白菌、β蛋白菌、γ蛋白菌、亚硝化螺菌属、土壤杆菌属、衣原体属、葡萄糖杆菌属及褐色高温单孢菌属细菌；厌氧菌群中则发育属于螺旋体属、δ蛋白菌、反硝化菌、乳杆菌属、真杆菌属的原核生物.反应系统中两大相反环境多种原核生物的共存，为在降解污水有机物的同时，达到剩余污泥减量化做出巨大贡献.     

16S rRNA序列分析在多杀巴斯德氏菌鉴定中的应用

目的应用16s rRNA序列分析方法,对多杀巴斯德氏菌进行鉴定。方法采集猝死家兔样本,进行病理组织学检查和病原菌分离培养。针对细菌16S rRNA基因保守区序列设计一对引物,以分离菌株抽提的DNA为模板,进行PCR扩增及16S rRNA序列分析。结果从死亡家兔肺脏中分离鉴定出了一株多杀巴斯德氏菌(PMr0901)。将分离菌株序列与GenBank中收录的序列进行比较,BLAST分析结果显示PMr0901与多杀巴斯德氏菌参考菌株PM70的16S rRNA核苷酸同源性大于99%。分离菌株对阿莫西林/克拉维酸、头孢曲松、左氧沙星、四环素敏感,而对青霉素G已产生耐药性。结论16s rRNA序列分析的分子生物学方法可用于病原菌的鉴定。     

实时荧光定量PCR技术检测牙周炎致病菌中16S rRNA DNA探针的制备

利用实时荧光定量PCR和细菌16S rRNA测定技术制备牙龈卟啉菌染色体探针,并进行检测,为进一步研究牙周病可疑致病菌提供方法.主要方法是:厌氧环境下培养牙龈卟啉菌,抽提细菌DNA;根据基因库已知牙龈卟啉菌16S rRNA DNA序列,设计特异性的TaqMan探针和一对引物;经实时荧光定量PCR仪进行细菌DNA样本的PCR反应获得反应曲线.结果表明,细菌DNA样本经PCR反应后,在15个循环时,开始出现扩增曲线,此后荧光逐渐增强,在26个循环后达峰值.由此可见,利用细菌16S rRNA技术制备致病菌染色体探针,经实时荧光定量PCR测定,可以对目标微生物进行准确定性和定量.     

中国明对虾与5种虾类线粒体16S rRNA和COI基因片段的序列比较及其系统学初步研究

采用PCR扩增和序列测定等技术,对中国明对虾（Fennerpenaeus chinem如）线粒体DNA16S rRNA和细胞色素氧化酶I（COI）基因片段进行了初步研究,分别得到16S rRNA和COI 2个基因片段的碱基序列,其中16S rRNA基因片段的大小为515bp,碱基A＋T,G＋C的组成分别为66．47％和33．53％;COI基因片段的大小为472bp,碱基A＋T,G＋C的组成分别为62．50％和37．29％．在2种基因片段中,AT的组成明显高于GC的组成,这与果蝇、虾类、蟹类等无脊椎动物的16S rRNA和COI基因片段的研究结果相似．通过对中国明对虾16S rRNA和COI 2个基因片段遗传特征的研究,16S rRNA只有8处核苷酸的碱基在4个群体间表现出差异,COI基因片段中共检测出24个多态性核苷酸位点,其种内变异较低。另外,将本研究所得序列与GenBank中对虾科5个种的16S rRNA基因片段序列进行比较后,发现其聚类关系与传统分类相一致．     

重要海水养殖鱼斜带髭鲷和花尾胡椒鲷16S rRNA遗传变异研究

应用PCR技术扩增了我国南方重要养殖石鲈科鱼类斜带髭鲷(Hapalogenys nitens)和花尾胡椒鲷(Plectorhinchus cinctus)线粒体DNA(mtDNA)的16S rRNA基因片段,纯化后分别进行EcoRⅠ、MseⅠ、PstⅠ、SacⅠ和HindⅢ等5种限制性内切酶酶切和测序分析.酶切结果为:斜带髭鲷16S rRNA扩增片段被MseⅠ和SacⅠ两种内切酶酶切,花尾胡椒鲷16S rRNA扩增片段只被MseⅠ酶切.两者在MseⅠ和SacⅠ酶切图谱的差异可作为区分两者的遗传标记.16S rRNA序列分析结果表明,斜带髭鲷和花尾胡椒鲷的遗传相似度为86.94 %,遗传差异为13.06 %.进化上,两者分化年代大约为1.98×106年前.     

蝽亚科部分昆虫mt DNA-16S rRNA序列多态性分析(半翅目:蝽科)

以16S rRNA基因作为分子标记,对蝽亚科6种昆虫及外群异蝽科昆虫进行特异性扩增和序列测定,对序列的碱基组成、转换颠换、遗传距离等进行分析,探讨了16S rRNA基因在该亚科的分子进化机制.并基于16S rRNA基因序列数据,采用邻接法(NJ)建立蝽亚科部分昆虫分子系统发育关系[1].获得的16S rRNA基因序列片段的长度在439~441 bp之间,且保守性序列较多.该片段中碱基T,C,A,G的平均含量分别为32.9%,17.9%,40.5%,8.8%,A+T平均含量为73.4%,明显高于G+C含量(26.7%),存在较强的A+T含量偏向性;密码子第三位点A+T含量更高,达77.1%.通过测定该基因片段的序列发现,不同种群存在丰富的DNA序列多态性.     

16S rRNA测序在细菌鉴定中的应用

对分离获得的一株细菌P29,经聚合酶链式反应扩增后测定该菌株的16S rRNA基因序列,由16S rRNA基因序列比较可知,菌株P29与肠杆菌属和泛菌属亲缘关系最为接近,16S rRNA基因相似性达到99%.结合生理生化实验结果综合分析后,将其鉴定为泛菌属的成团泛菌.     

产氢菌的16S -23S rDNA间隔区的长度变异性分析

生物制氢细菌Rennanqilyf3的16S rRNA gene(rDNA)-23S rDNA间隔区碱基序列被测定，利用PCR扩增间隔区DNA，间隔区碱基序列存在长度多态现象．用这一长度多态现象进行产氢发酵细菌的辨认和识别，产氢发酵细菌Rennanqilyf3的16S rRNA gene(rDNA)-23S rDNA间隔区的PCR产品从1270到398bp，共有5个序列，碱基数目分别为1270、398、638、437和436bp。     

中国南海南沙海区沉积物中细菌16SrDNA多样性的初步研究

通过构建并分析中国南海南沙海区沉积物中细菌16S rRNA基因文库,对其遗传多样性进行了研究.发现沉积物中细菌16S rRNA基因主要来自变形细菌(Proteobacteria)的δ-,γ-,α-亚族和浮霉状菌目(Planctomycetales)等类群,所获的16S rRNA基因的序列与GenBank中已知的细菌16S rDNA序列差异较大,这一结果表明在中国南沙海区沉积物中存在丰富的微生物多样性,并潜藏着特有的微生物资源.     

一株益生芽孢菌株的分子鉴定及其药敏分析

从健康土鸡盲肠中筛选出具有益生潜力的菌株Y31,利用细菌16SrDNA通用引物对其16SrRNA进行PCR扩增,得到1460bp的片段,该PCR产物序列通过Blast软件在NCBI网站中进行同源性比较,通过Mega3.1软件绘制系统发育树;同时,选择兽医临床上常用的15种抗生素,对菌株Y31进行药敏试验。结果表明,菌株Y31的16SrRNA序列与枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)的16SrRNA序列的相似性为99.6%,在系统发育树中,它们在同一分支,且遗传距离最短,确定菌株Y31为枯草芽孢杆菌;Y31菌株对氨苄西林、青霉素及诺氟沙星有很强的耐药性,对链霉素中度敏感,而对试验中的其它抗生素高度敏感。     

A new understanding of the decoding principle on the ribosome

During protein synthesis, the ribosome accurately selects transfer RNAs (tRNAs) in accordance with the messenger RNA (mRNA) triplet in the decoding centre. tRNA selection is initiated by elongation factor Tu, which delivers tRNA to the aminoacyl tRNA-binding site (A site) and hydrolyses GTP upon establishing codon-anticodon interactions in the decoding centre. At the following proofreading step the ribosome re-examines the tRNA and rejects it if it does not match the A codon. It was suggested that universally conserved G530, A1492 and A1493 of 16S ribosomal RNA, critical for tRNA binding in the A site, actively monitor cognate tRNA, and that recognition of the correct codon-anticodon duplex induces an overall ribosome conformational change (domain closure). Here we propose an integrated mechanism for decoding based on six X-ray structures of the 70S ribosome determined at 3.1-3.4?? resolution, modelling cognate or near-cognate states of the decoding centre at the proofreading step. We show that the 30S subunit undergoes an identical domain closure upon binding of either cognate or near-cognate tRNA. This conformational change of the 30S subunit forms a decoding centre that constrains the mRNA in such a way that the first two nucleotides of the A codon are limited to form Watson-Crick base pairs. When U·G and G·U mismatches, generally considered to form wobble base pairs, are at the first or second codon-anticodon position, the decoding centre forces this pair to adopt the geometry close to that of a canonical C·G pair. This by itself, or with distortions in the codon-anticodon mini-helix and the anticodon loop, causes the near-cognate tRNA to dissociate from the ribosome.     

Structural basis for messenger RNA movement on the ribosome

Translation initiation is a major determinant of the overall expression level of a gene. The translation of functionally active protein requires the messenger RNA to be positioned on the ribosome such that the start/initiation codon will be read first and in the correct frame. Little is known about the molecular basis for the interaction of mRNA with the ribosome at different states of translation. Recent crystal structures of the ribosomal subunits, the empty 70S ribosome and the 70S ribosome containing functional ligands have provided information about the general organization of the ribosome and its functional centres. Here we compare the X-ray structures of eight ribosome complexes modelling the translation initiation, post-initiation and elongation states. In the initiation and post-initiation complexes, the presence of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) duplex causes strong anchoring of the 5'-end of mRNA onto the platform of the 30S subunit, with numerous interactions between mRNA and the ribosome. Conversely, the 5' end of the 'elongator' mRNA lacking SD interactions is flexible, suggesting a different exit path for mRNA during elongation. After the initiation of translation, but while an SD interaction is still present, mRNA moves in the 3'-->5' direction with simultaneous clockwise rotation and lengthening of the SD duplex, bringing it into contact with ribosomal protein S2.     

Structure of the 30S ribosomal subunit

Genetic information encoded in messenger RNA is translated into protein by the ribosome, which is a large nucleoprotein complex comprising two subunits, denoted 30S and 50S in bacteria. Here we report the crystal structure of the 30S subunit from Thermus thermophilus, refined to 3 A resolution. The final atomic model rationalizes over four decades of biochemical data on the ribosome, and provides a wealth of information about RNA and protein structure, protein-RNA interactions and ribosome assembly. It is also a structural basis for analysis of the functions of the 30S subunit, such as decoding, and for understanding the action of antibiotics. The structure will facilitate the interpretation in molecular terms of lower resolution structural data on several functional states of the ribosome from electron microscopy and crystallography.     

Eukaryotic ribosomes that lack a 5.8S RNA

The 5.8S ribosomal RNA is believed to be a universal eukaryotic characteristic. It has no (size) counterpart among the prokaryotes, although its sequence is homologous with the first 150 or so nucleotides of the prokaryotic large subunit (23S) ribosomal RNA. We report here an exception to this rule. The microsporidian Vairimorpha necatrix is a eukaryote that has no 5.8S rRNA. As in the prokaryotes, it has a single large subunit rRNA, whose 5' region corresponds to the 5.8S rRNA.     

土壤细菌基因资源的直接分离——16S核糖体RNA基因模式

细菌遗传资源的开发利用必须先分离纯培养物,但绝大多数环境细菌无法人工培养。由于基因工程技术能直接利用基因元件,为绕过人工培养的困难,我们以细菌１６Ｓ核糖体ＲＮＡ基因为模式,建立了直接从土壤中分离基因元件的方法,该方法包括直接从土壤中分离ＤＮＡ,ＰＣＲ扩增基因和ＰＣＲ产物克隆等步骤,为直接收集,利用土壤细菌遗传资源奠定了基础。     

Structural basis for translation termination on the 70S ribosome

At termination of protein synthesis, type I release factors promote hydrolysis of the peptidyl-transfer RNA linkage in response to recognition of a stop codon. Here we describe the crystal structure of the Thermus thermophilus 70S ribosome in complex with the release factor RF1, tRNA and a messenger RNA containing a UAA stop codon, at 3.2 A resolution. The stop codon is recognized in a pocket formed by conserved elements of RF1, including its PxT recognition motif, and 16S ribosomal RNA. The codon and the 30S subunit A site undergo an induced fit that results in stabilization of a conformation of RF1 that promotes its interaction with the peptidyl transferase centre. Unexpectedly, the main-chain amide group of Gln 230 in the universally conserved GGQ motif of the factor is positioned to contribute directly to peptidyl-tRNA hydrolysis.     

Stability of the Sarcin/Ricin domain of 28S RNA in rat ribosome under hydrostatic pressure

Under 2 100 bar of hydrostatic pressure, KNA N-glycosidase can still cleave the N-C bond of adenosine at position 4324 in R/S domain of 28S RNA in rat ribosome, demonstrating that high pressure has no effect on the tertiary structure of S/R domain.