Effects of gradient structure on the microstructures and properties of coated cemented carbides

The effects of gradient structure on the microstructure and properties of coated cemented carbides were researched with optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), strength measurements, and cutting tests. It shows that vacuum sintering of WC-Ti(C, N)-TaC-Co cemented carbides results in the formation of a surface ductile zone. The ductile zone prevents crack propagation and leads to the increase of transverse rupture strength of the substrate. The impact resistance of coated gradient inserts was obviously improved on the basis of maintaining resistance to abrasion and the forming mechanism of the gradient structure was also analyzed.     

石墨烯对气压烧结WC-Co硬质合金性能的影响

为了减小氧化石墨烯（graphene oxide,GO）在WC-10Co硬质合金中的团聚以及高温液相烧结过程中Co对GO的溶蚀作用,通过化学镀的方式制备了改性氧化石墨烯（GO/Ni）,随后利用静电吸附以及机械搅拌两种方法分别制备了WC-10Co-GO复合粉体和WC-10Co-GO/Ni复合粉体。用扫描电子显微镜（scanning electron microscope,SEM）和透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope,TEM)对改性后的GO以及复合粉体进行微观形貌的表征。采用气压烧结工艺制备了WC-10Co、WC-10Co-GO和WC-10Co-GO/Ni硬质合金并研究了硬质合金的物理性能和力学性能。实验结果表明：随着GO和GO/Ni的加入,硬质合金的密度和洛氏硬度有了略微的降低;对比WC-10Co硬质合金,WC-10Co-GO和WC-10Co-GO/Ni硬质合金的横向断裂强度分别提升了35.2%和59.7%,其中GO/Ni作为作为基体增强相的效果最佳。     

烧结工艺对脱β层梯度硬质合金梯度结构的影响

使用一步烧结法制备了表面含脱β层的梯度结构硬质合金,采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、电子探针微区分析仪观察了梯度硬质合金的微观形貌、相组成及成分分布情况,分析了脱β层梯度结构合金样品的典型组织及烧结工艺对脱β层梯度硬质合金梯度结构的影响.结果显示:随着烧结温度的提高和保温时间的延长,脱β层的厚度均明显增加,且脱β层的厚度与保温时间的平方根基本呈线性关系;在同样的烧结工艺条件下,脱β层的厚度随着钴含量的增加而增大,随Ti(C,N)含量的增加而减小.     

TaC含量对YG类稀土硬质合金性能的影响

采用5种不同TaC含量的超细WC-Co类稀土硬质合金粉体,经过高能球磨72 h,冷压成型后在1 380℃下真空烧结制备成硬质合金试样.重点讨论TaC含量对合金性能和微观结构的影响.结果表明,TaC的加入有利于提高合金的物理性能,并且有晶粒长大抑制作用.     

碳化钨基硬质合金的制备与力学性能研究

在碳化钨粉末中加入一定量的钴、碳化钽以及碳化铪,经过混料、球磨、冷压成型和热压烧结等步骤制备出硬质合金试样。利用1 000 N维式显微硬度计、三点弯曲试验、XJJ-5冲击试验机以及扫描电镜分别对试样硬度、抗弯强度、冲击韧性以及试样的微观形貌进行了研究,并对试样力学性能的提高机理进行了探讨。结果表明,碳化铪的加入可有效改善烧结质量,细化晶粒,改善试样力学性能。碳化铪质量分数为2%的试样力学性能最好。     

磁场淬火处理对硬质合金组织和性能的影响

采用X线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、金相(OM)、横向断裂强度、维氏硬度以及矫顽磁力测试等分析手段,研究YG6(WC-6%Co)及YN6(WC-6%Ni)合金在磁场淬火处理后的性能变化规律。研究的条件为:样品在(1 100±5)℃下保温20~25 min,在脉冲磁场强度2 T下淬火15 min后再(500±5)℃回火3 h;此外对YG6合金进行常规淬火比较。研究结果表明:磁场淬火可使YG6合金维氏硬度提高3%、横向断裂强度提高18%、冲击韧性提高24%、矫顽磁力提高25%;而YN6合金横向断裂强度提高5.9%,冲击韧性提高6.9%,维氏硬度和矫顽磁力无明显变化。磁场淬火使钴基硬质合金的黏结相中α-Co含量提高,W和C在黏结相中的固溶度增加,WC晶粒棱角趋于圆滑;同时,磁场引起钴基硬质合金中WC晶粒出现锯齿状形貌并偏转为有序方向排列,是合金性能改善的主要原因。     

梯度硬质合金的发展趋势

对梯度硬质合金的发展趋势进行综述.对其微观结构、使用性能及形成机理进行分析,并对表层富立方相梯度硬质合金进行相关研究.研究表明,表层富立方相梯度硬质合金以其特殊的结构和优异的性能将成为梯度硬质合金的最新发展方向.     

硬质合金表面改性研究现状与展望

硬质合金零件的失效主要在于其表面的损耗,采用表面改性技术可以有效减少硬质合金零件的表面损耗。综述了表面涂层技术、离子注入技术、载能束辐照技术等表面改性技术在硬质合金表面强化方面的研究现状,并展望了硬质合金表面改性技术的发展趋势。     

含板状WC晶粒WC-10%Co硬质合金的组织和性能

采用板状WC单晶颗粒作为晶种制备含板状WC晶粒的WC-10%Co(质量分数)硬质合金,研究板状WC晶种的加入对WC-10%Co硬质合金显微组织和性能的影响。研究结果表明:加入板状晶种后,WC-10%Co合金中的WC晶粒具有明显的板状特征,且晶粒尺寸大于未加晶种的合金晶粒尺寸;少量晶种的加入对WC-10%Co合金密度无影响,而硬度和韧性都有所增加,特别是抗弯强度增加12.8%,断裂韧性提高46.9%。合金中WC晶粒形状的改变是硬度和韧性提高的主要因素。     

氮含量对SWRH82B盘条组织和性能的影响

为了研究不同含氮量的SWRH82B盘条在组织和性能等方面的差异,利用液压万能试验机对盘条进行拉伸试验,利用扫描电镜（SEM）和透射电镜（TEM）观察盘条的微观组织、拉伸断口及第二相析出情况。结果表明：增氮使索氏体组织的层片间距更细小;增加1.38×10-4的氮可使盘条的屈服强度提高8 MPa、抗拉强度提高28 MPa、延伸率降低1.8%、断面收缩率降低5.8%;高氮盘条比低氮盘条的拉伸断口上有更多的夹杂物;高氮盘条中的析出物更多且分布较弥散,析出物主要集中在位错线或原奥氏体晶界上,经标定,析出物中含有细小的V(C,N)颗粒。     

退火后冷却方式对冷轧中锰钢微观组织和力学性能的影响

采用拉伸试验、扫描电镜、电子背散射衍射、透射电镜、X射线衍射等手段，研究了冷乳中锰钢（0.2C-5Mn)退火后不同冷却方式下的微观组织特点和拉伸性能.实验钢冷乳退火后为铁素体加逆转变奥氏体的双相组织.退火后空冷可以获得稳定性较髙的逆转变奥氏体，且其体积分数也明显髙于退火后炉冷.退火后空冷实验钢中的逆转变奥氏体在变形过程中产生持续的TRIP效应，提髙强度的同时获得了较髙的塑性，强塑积可达到26.5GPa.%.     

Mechanical properties of electroformed copper layers with gradient microstructure

The electroformed copper layer with gradient microstructure was prepared using the ultrasonic technique. The microstructure of the electroformed copper layer was observed by using an optical microscope (OM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The preferred orientations of the layer were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The mechanical properties were evaluated with a Vicker’s hardness tester and a tensile tester. It is found the gradient microstructure consists of two main parts: the outer part (faraway substrate) with columnar crystals and the inner part (nearby substrate) with equiaxed grains. The Cu-(220) preferred orientation increases with the increasing thickness of the copper layer. The test results show that the microhardness of the electroformed copper layer decreases with increasing grain size along the growth direction and presents a gradient distribution. The tensile strength of the outer part of the electroformed copper layer is higher than that of the inner part but at the cost of ductility. Meanwhile, the integral mechanical properties of the electroformed copper with gradient microstructure are significantly improved in comparison with the pure copper deposit.     

添加氧化镧WC-11Co-2.1TaC硬质合金的组织及性能

硬质合金的晶粒度和组织均匀性是制约其性能的关键因素。为了细化晶粒,改善组织,提高合金性能,采用粉末碳化、冷压烧结技术,以W、Co、Ta为原料,La_2O_3为添加剂,制备WC-11Co-2.1Ta C硬质合金,研究添加La_2O_3对硬质合金组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:添加0.2%~0.4%La_2O_3可抑制WC-11Co-2.1Ta C硬质合金组织WC晶粒聚集生长,使组织均匀,WC相邻接度减小,WC/Co接触面积增大,提高抗弯强度;当La_2O_3添加量增加到0.6%时,合金组织偏聚,WC晶粒严重聚集生长,WC相邻接度增大,提高了硬质合金抵抗显微金刚石压头的刻入能力,增大了显微硬度。     

WC晶粒度不同的双层硬质合金中的梯度结构

以晶粒度不同的2种WC粉末为原料,制备双层硬质合金试样.研究结果表明:在试样的层界面附近,出现过渡显微组织,其WC晶粒度、硬度呈现梯度分布,细晶层一侧的WC晶粒粗化,Co相平均自由程增大,硬度下降;粗晶层一侧的硬度上升;合金两侧的WC颗粒均处于非平衡状态.液相烧结时,界面两侧都有从外界吸入液态钴相以便使WC颗粒达到平衡状态的趋势,由于溶解-析出机制的作用,细晶侧的WC颗粒溶解后通过界面在粗晶侧的WC颗粒上析出,从而使粗晶侧的WC长大并达到平衡状态;与粗晶侧的WC相比,细晶侧的WC颗粒处于更加不稳定的状态,因此,粗晶侧的液态钴相流向细晶侧,使细晶侧的WC骨架发生重组而达到稳定状态.     

P对Cu-Co合金组织与性能的影响

采用真空高频感应熔炼技术制备出Cu-0.24Co-0.03P、Cu-0.24Co-0.09P和Cu-0.24Co-0.13P 3种Cu-Co-P合金,并对其进行了固溶、冷变形和时效处理。通过金相显微镜观察研究了Cu-Co-P合金不同工艺条件下的组织变化,利用涡流导电仪、万能试验机和维氏硬度计测量3种合金的导电率、抗拉强度和硬度。结果表明：在500 ℃时效处理1 h条件下,Cu-0.24Co-0.03P合金、Cu-0.24Co-0.09P合金和Cu-0.24Co-0.13P合金的导电率分别为61.0、72.0 、69.0 %IACS,维氏硬度分别为144.0、151.0、150.0,抗拉强度分别为408、444、420 MPa,抗软化温度分别为470,542、505 ℃。Cu-Co-P合金具有典型的韧性断裂特征,当P质量分数为0.09%时,合金的抗拉强度达到444 MPa,伸长率达到18 %,韧窝较多,深度明显,材料的拉伸性能更加优异。     

热暴露对Al—Cu—Mg—Ag合金组织和性能的影响

研究了Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金经时效处理165℃×2 h(欠时效态)后,在不同温度(150~300℃)和不同时间(0~1000 h)热暴露后的显微组织和性能.结果表明:在150℃热暴露下,随时间延长,其剩余强度先上升后下降,强度峰值出现在100 h,在1000 h后合金力学性能相对欠时效态无明显下降;在200~300℃热暴露时,合金的强度随时间的延长而下降,延伸率随着时间的延长而增大;在300℃热暴露时,合金的强度明显下降,暴露10 h后其抗拉强度为272.5 MPa,100 h后其抗拉强度降至114.5 MPa.欠时效状态的合金组织主要为均匀细小分布Ω相;随着暴露温度的升高,Ω相长大并粗化,晶界无析出带(PFZ)变宽.     

放电等离子烧结制备超细WC-Co硬质合金

采用放电等离子烧结(SPS)技术制备了超细WC-10Co硬质合金.研究了烧结温度及烧结气氛对WC-Co硬质合金组织及性能的影响.研究发现:烧结体密度随烧结温度的升高而增大,但由于钴的蒸发,合金的成分偏离了原粉末的成分,且随着烧结温度的升高及炉内气压的降低,钴的蒸发速率加大.因此,通过提高炉内气压,可以使合金的成分基本接近原粉末成分,降低了合金的成分偏离.结果表明:炉内气压升高到200 Pa,烧结压力为30 MPa时,在1250℃烧结WC-10.07Co粉末5 min,烧结体中钴的质量分数可以控制在10.02%,密度和硬度分别达到了14.62 g.cm-3和HRA 92.4.     

Growth kinetics of cubic carbide free layers in graded cemented carbides

In order to reveal the formation mechanism of cubic carbide free layers (CCFL), graded cemented carbides with CCFL in the surface zone were fabricated by a one-step sintering procedure in vacuum, and the analysis on microstructure and element distribution were performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA), respectively. A new physical model and kinetic equation were established based on experimental results. Being different from previous models, this model suggests that nitrogen diffusion outward is only considered as an induction factor, and the diffusion of titanium through liquid phase plays a dominative role. The driving force of diffusion is expressed as the differential value between nitrogen partial pressure and nitrogen equilibrium pressure essentially. Simulation results by the kinetic equation are in good agreement with experimental values, and the effect of process parameters on the growth kinetics of CCFL can also be explained reasonably by the current model.     

再生沥青微观结构对流变性能的影响

为揭示再生沥青的再生机理及效果,基于灰熵关联分析法,结合傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、电镜扫描(SEM)和动态剪切流变(DSR)测试,探讨了老化与再生沥青流变特性参数和特征官能团含量的变化情况及关联程度,并对其微观形貌进行表征对比.研究结果表明:沥青老化后,FTIR谱图中C=O基团与S=O基团指数明显增大,芳香分和非对称脂肪族化物指数含量减少;添加再生剂后,再生沥青的特征官能团含量变化与老化沥青呈相反趋势;复数模量降低,相位角升高;温度是影响沥青抗车辙性能和抗疲劳性的重要因素,抗车辙因子和疲劳因子均随温度的升高呈现幂指数衰减形式.沥青老化后微观特征由光滑形貌向密集褶皱转变,加入再生剂后基本恢复至光滑形貌.基于灰熵关联分析得出:再生沥青化学组分变化对高温流变特性参数影响程度,由大到小的排序依次为羰基、亚砜基、芳香族化合物、非对称脂肪族化合物.     

Effects of sulfur addition methods and Ca-Si treatment on the microstructure and properties of 30MnVS

The effects of sulfur addition methods and Ca-Si treatment on the microstructure and properties of free-cutting non-quenched and tempered steel 30MnVS were investigated by using optical microscopy, SEM and tensile test methods. The results show that sulfur addition methods influence the morphology of sulfides and the properties of 30MnVS slightly. Ca-Si treatment is beneficial for the formation of complex sulfides which normally have oxide cores, therefore, improving the distribution of sulfides in the tested steel and enhancing its toughness. The two methods, pyrite addition during LF process and S wire feeding during VD process, slightly influence the morphology and distribution of sulfides and the properties of 30MnVS; Ca addition not only promotes the nucleation of sulfides on the cores of calcium aluminate inclusions, but also creates modification effect on MnS, reducing the relative plasticity and hot deformability of sulfides during hot rolling process, thereby reducing the length/width value of sulfides and improving their distribution, and significantly enhancing its mechanical properties, in particular, the impact toughness increased by 30%.