Field Emission Characterization of 1D-Nanostructural ZnO Grown at Low Temperature

Ondeu-ctdio rmse nhsaivoen aaltt rwaicdteed b aan gdr-egaatp d neaaln oosft uartctteunrtialon se bmeiccaounse-of their remarkable physical and chemical properties[1 ,2].Amongthose properties ,the highaspect ratio of these materi-als makes them genuine can…     

沸腾回流法制备不同形貌ZnO微粉

以Zn(NO3)2NaOH为体系,采用一种简单的液相法———常压沸腾回流法,加入不同的添加剂,分别制备了不同形貌的超细ZnO粉体.采用X射线衍射及扫描电子显微镜等测试手段,对产品的物相和形貌进行了表征.实验结果表明:所得产品均为六方晶系纤锌矿ZnO;同样条件下加入不同的表面活性剂,对产品的形貌产生了不同程度的影响.     

Fabrication and morphology of NbCx-C composite three-dimensinal netted fibers

The raw materials were commercial powders of Nb₂O₅ (99.95%), reactive carbon (99.99%), NaCI (99.95%) and sucrose (99.94%). By the carbothermal method, the NbC_x (x= 0.98)-C composite three-dimensional netted fibers were prepared in graphite resistance furnace in 0.1 MPa/N₂ ambient atmosphere at temperature from 970 to 1 120°C. The diameters of composite three-dimensional netted fibers are 12–38 μm, the hole circumferences of netted fibers are 0.22–2.2 mm and the hole diameters are 70–701 μm. The process conditions for fabricating NbC_x-C composite three-dimensional netted fibers and related morphology, composition and crystal structure of NbC_x-C composite netted fibers were investigated in detail.     

Production and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles and porous particles by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis using a zinc nitrate precursor

ZnO nanoparticles and porous particles were produced by an ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method using a zinc nitrate precursor at various temperatures under air atmosphere. The effects of reaction temperature on the size and morphology of ZnO particles were investigated. The samples were characterized by energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. ZnO particles were obtained in a hexagonal crystal structure and the crystallite shapes changed from spherical to hexagonal by elevating the reaction temperature. The crystallite size grew by increasing the temperature, in spite of reducing the residence time in the heated zone. ZnO nanoparticles were obtained at the lowest reaction temperature and ZnO porous particles, formed by aggregation of ZnO nanoparticles due to effective sintering, were prepared at higher temperatures. The results showed that the properties of ZnO particles can be controlled by changing the reaction temperature in the ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method.     

An experimental study of phase transformations in olivine under pressure and temperature conditions corresponding to the mantle transition zone

High-pressure polymorphs of olivine (wadsleyite and ringwoodite) are major minerals in the mantle transition zone (MTZ).Phase transformations in olivine are important for a series of geodynamic problems such as the mineralogical and evolutionary history of the mantle,mantle convection patterns,and deep focus earthquakes in subduction zones.In this study,we examine phase transformations in olivine with two compositions,namely Mg 2 SiO 4 (Fo 100) and (Mg 0.9 Fe 0.1) 2 SiO 4 (Fo 90),at pressures between 14.1 and 20 GPa and a constant temperature of 1400°C,using the newly installed multi-anvil system at the Laboratory for Studies of the Earth’s Deep Interior (SEDI),China University of Geosciences (Wuhan).At 14.1 GPa,Fo 90 transformed completely into the wadsleyite structure (β),while Fo 100 remained as olivine (α).Between 14.8 and 15.6 GPa,both Fo 100 and Fo 90 transformed into the wadsleyite structure.Wadsleyite crystals were identified by two characteristic Raman peaks between 722 and 723 and 917 and 919 cm 1.They exhibit a bimodal grain size distribution:large-crystals with average grain sizes greater than 100 μm and microcrystals less than 10 μm.The population of microcrystals increased with pressure,apparently due to the increase in over-pressure (the difference between the experimental pressure condition and the equilibrium transformation pressure at 1400°C),which promotes nucleation and retards grain growth.All run charges contained large numbers of wadsleyite microcrystals,because of the low activation energy of the nucleation process.The experimentally observed microstructure may shed light on the morphology of wadsleyite observed in shocked meteorites.At 19.5 GPa,wadsleyite coexisted with ringwoodite (γ) in Fo 100,but was absent in Fo 90.At 20 GPa,both samples transformed completely into ringwoodite,which was characterized by the 798 and 840 cm 1 Raman lines.Ringwoodite crystals are euhedral grains (average grain size 10-20 μm),with well-developed triple junctions.The complex upper mantle structure in eastern China determined from seismological studies cannot be explained by the simple transformation sequence of the olivine system alone.Phase transformations in other pyroxene-normative components (including pyroxenes and garnets) and the interaction of these components with olivine may be responsible for the complex structure.High-pressure and high-temperature experimental studies on complex systems (e.g.olivine-pyroxene),combined with data from geophysical exploration,may help in establishing a more realistic geological-petrological model for eastern China and further our understanding of the possible physical mechanisms that are responsible for the complex structure.Such studies will have profound implications for understanding the dynamic processes in the deep Earth interior.     

低品位氧化锌矿湿法浸取制备纳米氧化锌

以低品位氧化锌矿为原料,通过酸浸、净化除杂得到纯净的硫酸锌溶液.以碳酸氢铵为沉淀剂,采用直接沉淀法制备纳米氧化锌粉体.考察了碳酸氢铵和硫酸锌的物质的量之比、反应温度、反应时间、前驱体碱式碳酸锌的热分解温度及时间对纳米氧化锌粒径大小及锌沉淀率或产品纯度的影响.采用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜等对产品的粒径及晶型结构进行检测.结果表明,所得产品为六方晶系氧化锌,形貌为球状,平均粒径为40 nm,ZnO质量分数达到97.5%.所设计工艺可得到技术指标达到GB/T 19589-2004 国家标准中纳米氧化锌粉体要求,且操作简便易行,易于工业化生产.     

Seasonal variations and environmental controls on stalagmite calcite crystal growth in Heshang Cave,central China

Stalagmite growth rates are usually considered to reflect changes in paleoclimate and paleoenvironment. However, how exactly growth rates are affected by climate and environment is still unclear. We launched a monitoring and modeling program that lasted approximately 4 years on two active drip sites in Heshang Cave, central China. We collected comprehensive quantitative data on growth rates, cave temperature, CO₂ concentration, drip rate and drip-water chemistry to better understand the relationship between stalagmite growth and cave environment. By laying out glass substrates, we successfully grew stalagmite calcite crystals with rhombic characteristics, and quantified growth rates by measuring the long and short axes of calcite crystals under a microscope. Combined with coeval environmental data, we explicitly examined the roles of cave temperature, drip rate and drip-water chemistry in controlling the micro-scale growth of stalagmite calcite. Results show that growth of stalagmite calcite crystals at two drip sites exhibited similar seasonal variations − generally faster in the summer months, at ∼3 μm d⁻¹, and slower during the late winter to early spring, at ∼1.5 μm d⁻¹. Variations in calcite growth rates were mainly determined by changes in cave temperature, with the growth rate increasing by 8.1%/°C and 6.6%/°C at the two locations. This indicates the potential use of stalagmite growth rates as a seasonal-resolution paleo-temperature proxy in some ventilated caves. On the other hand, the effect of drip rate and drip-water Ca²⁺ and SIC values on growth rates were not significant.     

Synthesis and Optical Property Study on ZnO Nanostructures Via Vapor Phase Growth

Nanostructural zinc oxide films have been synthesized via vapor phase growth by heating pure zinc powder. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that four kinds of morphologies ZnO nanostructures namely nanowires, well-aligned nanorods, nanofeathers and hexagonal nanorods were formed and all of wurtzite structural crystals. The results indicated that the temperature and substrate play an important role in the formation of different morphologies of ZnO nanostructures. The photoluminescence (PL) measurement was carried out for the wellaligned nanorods ZnO sample and blue emission peaks at 420 and 444 nm have been observed at room temperature. And the blue emission mechanism is discussed.     

生长温度对S掺杂ZnO特性的影响

S掺杂在ZnO材料中引入Zn空位，会对可见光的发光起到增强的作用。利用水热法制备了纤锌矿结构的S掺杂ZnO，随着生长温度的提高，ZnO晶粒的尺寸由1.2 μm提高到了2.3 μm，样品由低温下各晶粒的均匀生长变为某些晶粒的优先生长模式。在荧光光谱中，紫外和可见发光均得到了增强，且可见光发光的增强要明显大于紫外发光，这表明生长温度的提高会改善晶体的质量，同时S的存在也将会使样品中的Zn空位迅速增多。S掺杂ZnO导致的可见光发光的增强可以使ZnO材料在可见光发光器件中得进一步到的应用。     

Porosity and permeability evolution and evaluation in anisotropic porosity multiscale-multiphase-multicomponent structure

Based on the hybrid hypersingular integral equation-lattice Boltzmann methods (HHIE-LBM), the porosity and permeability evolution and evaluation process in anisotropic saturated porosity multiscale-multiphase-multicomponent (ASP-MS-MP-MC) structures under ultra high temperature and pressure conditions was analyzed on parallel CPU and GPU platforms. First, virtual physical models at multi-spatial scales (2 μm, 5 μm and 10 μm) were restructured by computerized microtomography technology and data. Second, using HHIE-LBM methods, the anisotropic porosity and permeability tensor at core level and pore level under ultra high temperature and pressure conditions were calculated. Third, the evolution and evaluation process of the porosity and permeability as a function of multi temporal spatial scales was investigated. Finally, the relationship between porosity and permeability and ASP-MS-MP-MC structures (micro-meso-macro-scale) was explored.     

Field emission characteristics of ZnO nanotetrapods and the effect of thermal annealing in hydrogen

Large-scale tetrapod-like ZnO nanostructures have been synthesized using a thermal chemical vapor deposition method on a silicon substrate. The high-purity nanotetrapods show sharp tips geometry with a wurtzite structure. The field emission properties of the uniform ZnO nanostructural material are investigated at different anode-cathode distances. The turn-on field for the ZnO nanotetrapods is found to be about 3.7 V/μm at a current density of 1 μA/cm^2. The field emission behavior obeys Fowler-Nordheim relationship. More importantly, the field emission properties are improved after annearing in hydrogen, and therefore high emission current and low turn-on field are obtained. These results indicate that tetrapod-like ZnO nanostructures are a promising candidate for cold cathode emitters.     

溶胶- 凝胶前体法制备纳米ZnO

分别采用硬脂酸、柠檬酸及草酸盐Sol-Gel 法合成了干凝胶前体粉末,并以其热分析结果为依据,在指定温度下热处理2 h得ZnO粉体. 经XRD和SEM分析表明,三种方法均可制得具有六方晶系结构的纳米ZnO, 其中第一种方法所得粉体的结晶度好,团聚较轻, 粒子大小均匀,外貌呈球形.     

Flame propagation characteristics and flame structures of zirconium particle cloud in a small-scale chamber

Flame propagating through zirconium particle cloud in a small-scale vertical rectangle chamber was investigated experimentally. In the experiments, the zirconium quoted 99% purity was used and the diameter of particles was distributed 1–22 μm. The zirconium dust was dispersed into the chamber by air flow and ignited by an electrode spark. A high-speed video camera was used to record the images of the propagating flame. Micro-thermocouples, schlieren optical system and microscopic lens were used to obtain temperature profiles and flame structure, respectively. Based on the experimental results, flame propagation characteristics and flame structure of zirconium particle cloud were analyzed. The propagation velocity of the flame is quite slow in the initial 14 ms and then accelerates to maximum value. Subsequently, the propagation velocity of the flame almost keeps constant. The combustion zone width of zirconium particle cloud is 5–6 mm. Smaller particles burn mainly at the leading edge of combustion zone in the width of 1.4 mm followed by larger particles burning 1.4–6 mm behind the leading edge of the combustion zone. Gas phase flame is not seen in zirconium particle cloud and the combustion time of single zirconium particle is 1–5 ms, which depends on its original size. The preheated zone is 7–8 mm thickness ahead of the combustion zone and intensive chemical reaction takes place at 490 K. The maximum flame temperature increases at lower concentrations, reaches the maximum value, and then decreases slightly at higher concentrations.     

Microstructural evolution of titanium matrix composite coatings reinforced by <Emphasis Type="Italic">in situ</Emphasis> synthesized TiB and TiC by laser cladding

Titanium-based composite coatings reinforced by in situ synthesized TiB and TiC particles were successfully fabricated on Ti6Al4V by laser cladding using Ti-B₄C-Al or Ti-B₄C-C-Al powders as the precursor materials. The microstructural and metallographic analyses were made by X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). The results show that the coatings are mainly composed of α-Ti cellular dendrites and a eutectic transformation product in which a large number of coarse and fine needle-shaped TiB and a few equiaxial TiC particles are homogeneously embedded. A thin dilution zone with a thickness of about 100 μm is present at the interface, and it consists of a few TiB and TiC reinforcements and a large number of lamella grains growing parallel to the heat flux direction in which a thin needle-shaped microstructure exists due to the martensitic transformation. The microstructural evolution can be divided into four stages: precipitation and growth of primary β-Ti phase, formation of the binary eutecticum β-Ti+TiB, formation of the ternary eutecticum β-Ti+TiB+TiC, and solid transformation from β-Ti to α-Ti.     

ZnO晶须的变温Raman光谱

采用浮区法制备微米量级的ZnO晶须,X射线衍射(XRD)和偏光显微镜分析表明,生长的ZnO单晶晶须为六方纤锌矿结构,沿(100)晶面择优生长取向.微区变温Raman光谱表明:当温度为93～706K时,声子频率随温度升高呈倒指数下降(红移);当温度超过500K时,E2high谱线随温度上升而加宽,ZnO分子较活跃,Raman模频率呈明显的硬化现象。     

Test research on sticking mechanism during hot rolling of SUS 430 ferritic stainless steel

The sticking phenomenon during hot rolling of SUS 430 ferritic stainless steel was investigated by means of a two-disc type high-temperature wear tester. The test results indicate that sticking particles on the surfaces of high chromium steel (HiCr) and high-speed steel (HSS) rolls undergo nucleation, growth, and saturation stages. Grooves on the roll surface generated by grinding provide nucleation sites for sticking particles. The number of sticking particles on the HiCr roll surface is greater than that on the HSS roll surface. The average surface roughnesses (R_a) of HiCr and HSS rolls change from 0.502 and 0.493 μm at the initial stage to 0.837 and 0.530 μm at the saturation stage, respectively. The test further proves that the sticking behavior is strongly dependent on roll materials, and the HSS roll is more beneficial to prevent particles sticking compared with the HiCr roll under the same hot-rolling conditions.     

Synthesis, Characterization and Photoluminescence of Well-Ordered ZnO Micropillars Grown on ZnO Buffer Layers

Using ZnO buffer layers prepared by simply thermal oxidation of ion beam sputtered Zn films, highly oriented and uniformly aligned single-crystalline ZnO micropillars arrays have been synthesized by thermal evaporation of Zn powder with flee catalysts at low temperature of 430℃ The ZnO micropillars show sharp hexagonal umbrella-like tips with thin ZnO nanowire grown on the tips. The umbrella-like tips grow in a layer-by-layer mode along the direction of [001]. The growth mechanism has been discussed. The formation of the micropillars basically depends on the gradually decreasing Zn vapor pressure and subsequently cooling process. The photoluminescence （PL） spectrum indicates a moderately good crystal quality of the ZnO micropillars. Our results may reinforce the understanding of the formation mechanism of different ZnO nano/microstructures. This kind of complex microstructures may find potential applications in multifunctional microdevices, optoelectronic and field emission devices.     

Dynamical decoupling of electron spins in phosphorus-doped silicon

Quantum coherence is an important enabling feature underpinning quantum computation. However, because of couplings with its noisy surrounding environment, qubits suffer from the decoherence effects. The dynamical decoupling (DD) technique uses pulse-induced qubit flips to effectively mitigate couplings between qubits and environment. Optimal DD eliminates dephasing up to a given order with the minimum number of pulses. In this paper, we first introduce our recent work on prolonging electron spin coherence in γ-irradiated malonic acid crystals and analyze different decoherence mechanisms in this solid system. Then we focus on electron spin relaxation properties in another system, phosphorous-doped silicon (Si:P) crystals. These properties have been investigated by pulse electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). We also investigate the performance of the dynamical decoupling technique on this system. Using 8-pulse periodic DD, the coherence time can be extended to 296 μs compared with 112 μs with one-pulse control.     

A bulk metal/ceramic composite material with a cellular structure

Metal/ceramic composite materials can be divided into two groups: one is ceramic reinforced metal matrix composite, and the other is metal toughened ceramic matrix composite. The research on these materials mainly focuses on the mechanical properties due …     

Hydrophobicity mechanism of non-smooth pattern on surface of butterfly wing

Twenty-nine species (24 genera, 6 families) of butterflies typical and common in northeast China were selected to make qualitative and quantitative studies on the pattern, hydrophobicity and hydrophobicity mechanism by means of scanning electron microscopy and contact angle measuring system. The scale surface is composed of submicro-class vertical gibbosities and horizontal links. The distance of scale is 48—91 μm, length 65—150 μm, and width 35—70 μm. The distance of submicro-class vertical gib-bosities on scale is 1.06—2.74 μm, height 200—900 nm, and width 200—840 nm. The better hydropho-bicity on the surface of butterfly wing (static contact angle 136.3°—156.6°) is contributed to the co-effects of micro-class scale and submicro-class vertical gibbosities on the wing surface. The Cassie equation was revised, and new mathematical models and equations were established.