N-(2-吡咯甲酰基)-α-氨基酸甲酯的合成

以2-吡咯甲酸为原料,经酰氯化反应生成2-吡咯甲酰氯（Ⅲ）,Ⅲ再与α-氨基酸甲酯（Ⅱ）在n（Ⅲ）：n（Ⅱ）=1：1,二氯甲烷为溶剂,室温反应4h,合成了3个N-（2-吡咯甲酰基）-α-氨基酸甲酯（Ⅰ）,摩尔收率为79．5％～95．6％．通过^1H NMR、^13C NMR、IR、MS和元素分析对其进行了表征。     

N,N-双-(苯并咪唑基甲基)羟胺的合成及其反应

在碳酸氢钠存在下，用一步法以苯并咪唑、甲醛、盐酸羟胺为原料，合成了N，N-双-（苯并咪唑基甲基）羟胺（Ⅰ）；苯并咪唑、甲醛与甲胺在甲苯溶液中回流分水，得到N，N-双-（苯并咪唑基甲基）甲胺（Ⅱ）．用N，N-双-（苯并咪唑基甲基）羟胺与格氏试剂反应合成了4个N，N-双取代羟胺（Ⅲ）．用N，N-双-（苯并咪唑基甲基）羟胺与丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯或反-丁烯二酸二乙酯发生1，3-偶极环加成反应，得到2－（苯并咪唑基甲基）异唑啉-5-羧酸酯或2-（苯并咪唑基甲基）异唑啉-4，5-二羧酸酯．用IR，1HNMR和元素分析确定了它们的结构．     

1-(4-苯氧基苯氧基)-2-丙醇的合成及分析

以4-苯氧基苯酚，环氧丙烷为原料合成1-（4-苯氧基苯氧基）-2-丙醇，考察了物料比、反应时间、反应温度等因素对其收率的影响，得到最佳工艺条件。规（4一苯氧基苯酚）：规（环氧丙烷）：规（氢氧化钾）=1：3．0：0．3，反应温度40℃，反应时间3．5h，1-（4-苯氧基苯氧基）-2-丙醇收率最高达93．7％。以液相色谱法，采用LiChrospher100 RP～18柱、甲醇＋水为流动相、紫外检测器、外标法对1-（4-苯氧基苯氧基）-2-丙醇进行了高效液相色谱分析研究。方法标准偏差0．20％，变异系数0．23％，回收率在99．57％～100．52％之间。     

酰胺缩醛法合成1,2,4-三唑的研究

目的 用酰胺缩醛法合成1，2，4-三唑及其衍生物。方法 以甲苯为溶剂，使酰胺和DMF二甲基缩醛在110℃反应2h，得到中间产物N′-苯甲酰基-N，N-二甲基甲脒，然后，在70％乙酸溶液中，中间产物和苯肼在90℃反应3h。结果 中间产物N′-苯甲酰基-N，N-二甲基甲脒的产率达到96．5％，目标产物1，5-二苯基-1，2，4-三唑的产率为95％。结论 采用该方法合成1，2，4-三唑及其衍生物产率高，方法简单。     

1,3-二苯基-5-(4-氯苯基)-2-吡唑啉的合成

以对氯苯甲醛为起始原料，经过两步缩舍反应合成了有机荧光染料1，3-二苯基-5-(4-氯苯基)-2-吡唑啉，对氯苯甲醛溶于无水乙醇，在NaOH催化下与苯乙酮缩合，生成苯基-(4-氯苯)乙烯酮(1)，n(对-氯苯甲醛)(Ⅰ)：n(苯乙酮)=0．75：1，产率70％．将(Ⅰ)和苯肼溶于乙二醇独乙醇中，在室温下反应3h，环化缩合为最终产物1，3-二苯基-5-(4-氯苯基)-2-吡唑啉(Ⅱ)，产率80％，产物结构经红外光谱，核磁共振谱，元素分析及荧光光谱证实。     

5-(4-甲基)亚苄基-噻唑烷-2,4-二酮的溴代反应

以5-（4-甲基）亚苄基-噻唑烷-2，4-二酮为原料，在Br2：原料：CCl4=1mmol：1mmol：20mL的优化反应条件下，白炽灯光引发下发生自由基溴代反应顺利生成新化合物5-（4-溴甲基）亚苄基-噻唑烷-2，4-二酮，产品通过重结晶纯化，收率达到70％．     

微波催化合成N-（2-苯并噻唑）邻苯二甲酰亚胺

用传统和微波催化法制备N-（2-苯并噻唑）邻苯二甲酰亚胺．分别考察了微波催化法中微波功率、反应时间、反应物料配比和溶剂等参数对反应的影响，得到最佳工艺参数为：以N，N-二甲基甲酰胺为溶剂，微波功率为500W，反应物料摩尔配比为1：1．2，反应时间为6min，此时收率为90．8％；在其他反应条件相同的情况下，无溶剂时，产物收率仅为87．4％．     

氯酸钠氧化法合成4-氧代-β-紫罗兰酮

采用GC-MS方法分析反应产物，对氯酸钠氧化β-紫罗兰酮的反应工艺进行研究，并探讨温度、时间、反应物配比和溶液的pH值对反应的影响。反应产物的结构采用红外光谱、质谱、氢核磁共振谱和元素分析等手段表征。研究结果表明：氯酸钠氧化β-紫罗兰酮的反应主要生成4-氧代-β-紫罗兰酮和5，6-环氧-β-紫罗兰酮，经重结晶和硅胶柱层析分离，纯度高于98％；4-氧代-β-紫罗兰酮的有利合成条件是反应温度为45℃，反应时间为24h，溶液的pH值为1～3，反应物配比n（β-ionone）：n（NaClO3）：n（NaI）为20：100：3，最佳收率为53．5％；5，6-环氧-β-紫罗兰酮有利的合成条件是反应温度为40℃，反应时间为24h，溶液的pH值为3，反应物配比n（pionone）：n（NaClO3）：n（NaI）为20：120：5，其收率为25．4％；未反应的β-紫罗兰酮经减压蒸馏回收后可重复使用。     

2-羟基-4-甲氧基-3′-氨基二苯甲酮与其烷基化物合成研究

以间苯二甲醚（1）与间硝基苯甲酰氯（2）为原料，经Friedel—Crafts反应得到2-羟基-4-甲氧基-3′-硝基二苯甲酮（3）．以CH2C12为溶剂，40℃，回流反应3h，n（AlCl3）：n（间苯二甲醚）：n（间硝基苯甲酰氯）=3：1．1：1时，产品的收率为71．8％．化合物3用5％Pd／C催化氢化得到对应的氨基物4，收率为90．2％．最后，用对甲基苯磺酸酯做烷基化试剂，又得到化合物4的单烷基化产物（91．4％）与双烷基化产物（88．9％）．利用IR、^1HNMR及MS等手段对合成的最终产物及一些关键中间体进行了结构表征，结果正确。     

(-)-2-(N-正丙基氨基)-5-羟基四氢化萘的合成

以1,6-二甲氧基萘为原料,经Na/C₂H₅OH还原生成5-甲氧基-2-四氢萘酮,与正丙胺还原胺化生成外消旋化合物2-(N-正丙基氨基）-5-甲氧基四氢化萘,经拆分得到手性的化合物(－)-2-（N-正丙基氨基）-5-甲氧基四氢化萘,再去甲基反应得到化合物(－)-2-（N-正丙基氨基）-5-羟基四氢化萘。采用元素分析、红外光谱、¹H-NMR和¹³C-NMR表征了中间体和产物的分子结构。通过合成工艺的研究,得到较好的工艺条件,反应总收率达16.8%。采用一步法的还原胺化反应,不仅简化了反应步骤,而且收率提高了16.2%。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.