In-depth analysis of the fatigue mechanism induced by inclusions for high-strength bearing steels

A numerical study of stress distribution and fatigue behavior in terms of the effect of voids adjacent to inclusions was conducted with finite element modeling simulations under different assumptions. Fatigue mechanisms were also analyzed accordingly. The results showed that the effects of inclusions on fatigue life will distinctly decrease if the mechanical properties are close to those of the steel matrix.For the inclusions, which are tightly bonded with the steel matrix, when the Young's modulus is larger than that of the steel matrix, the stress will concentrate inside the inclusion; otherwise, the stress will concentrate in the steel matrix. If voids exist on the interface between inclusions and the steel matrix, their effects on the fatigue process differ with their positions relative to the inclusions. The void on one side of an inclusion perpendicular to the fatigue loading direction will aggravate the effect of inclusions on fatigue behavior and lead to a sharp stress concentration. The void on the top of inclusion along the fatigue loading direction will accelerate the debonding between the inclusion and steel matrix.     

Ultrahigh cycle fatigue fracture mechanism of high-quality bearing steel obtained through different deoxidation methods

The mechanism of oxide inclusions in fatigue crack initiation in the very-high cycle fatigue(VHCF)regime was clarified by subjecting bearing steels deoxidized by Al(Al-deoxidized steel)and Si(Si-deoxidized steel)to ultrasonic tension-compression fatigue tests(stress ratio,R=−1)and analyzing the characteristics of the detected inclusions.Results show that the main types of inclusions in Si-and Al-deoxidized steels are silicate and calcium aluminate,respectively.The content of calcium aluminate inclusions larger than 15μm in Si-deoxidized steel is lower than that in Al-deoxidized steel,and the difference observed may be attributed to different inclusion generation processes during melting.Despite differences in their cleanliness and total oxygen contents,the Si-and Al-deoxidized steels show similar VHCF lives.The factors causing fatigue failure in these steels reveal distinct differences.Calcium aluminate inclusions are responsible for the cracks in Al-deoxidized steel.By comparison,most fatigue cracks in Si-deoxidized steel are triggered by the inhomogeneity of a steel matrix,which indicates that the damage mechanisms of the steel matrix can be a critical issue for this type of steel.A minor portion of the cracks in Si-deoxidized steel could be attributed to different types of inclusions.The mechanisms of fatigue fracture caused by calcium aluminate and silicate inclusions were further analyzed.Calcium aluminate inclusions first separate from the steel matrix and then trigger crack generation.Silicate inclusions and the steel matrix are closely combined in a fatigue process;thus,these inclusions have mild effects on the fatigue life of bearing steels.Si/Mn deoxidation is an effective method to produce high-quality bearing steel with a long fatigue life and good liquid steel fluidity.     

钢骨-钢管高强混凝土组合柱承载力研究

采用数值积分方法模拟计算了轴心受压铜骨-铜管高强混凝土组合柱的荷载-变形关系曲线，计算结果与试验结果吻合良好．在此基础上通过大量计算，研究了套箍指标、配骨指标、长细比和偏心距对组合柱承载力的影响．计算分析表明，铜管、铜骨和混凝土的协同工作，可有效地提高柱子的承载力．     

轴承钢中钙铝酸盐夹杂物的形成及控制

研究了轴承钢生产中各因素对钢中D类夹杂物形成的影响.对国内某特殊钢厂轴承钢中夹杂物进行了检验分析,发现钢中D类夹杂物存在多种形式;通过感应炉重熔实验,发现钢中Al含量对夹杂物的影响很大,Al过量,在MgO炉衬条件下,会大量生成MgO·Al2O3;当钢中Ca含量较高时,夹杂物全部变性为球状钙铝酸盐.研究表明,控制钢水中Ca、Mg和Al成分,是控制D类夹杂的重要手段.通过工厂试验证明,特定炉渣改性和成分优化对D类夹杂物有一定的改善作用.     

NM360高强度材料钻削参数的研究

采用硬质合金（YG8）刀具对高强度钢NM360进行了钻削试验,从切削参数和刀具角度方面开展难加工材料切削性能研究,通过对比切削力和扭矩,以及分析金属切削机理等因素分析,经研究发现在钻床的工作条件内,该刀具的最佳切削用量为转速n为1 120mm/r,进给量f为0.03mm/r时,最佳刃口楔角βf为77°。     

大功率风电机组用轴承钢中非金属夹杂物特征及来源分析

采用非水溶液电解法萃取大功率风电机组用轴承钢轧材中的非金属夹杂物,结合SEM和EDS分析,对夹杂物的形貌、尺寸、成分及类型进行表征,并分析其可能来源。结果表明,该风电轴承钢轧材中非金属夹杂物主要包括Al-Ca-Si-Mg系氧化物和Al-Ca-Si-Mg系硫化物两大类;在钢中T[O]含量仅为0.0007%时,仍存在以SiO2为主的Al-Ca-Si-Mg系大型夹杂物。     

Effects of stress ratio on the temperature-dependent high-cycle fatigue properties of alloy steels

This paper addresses the effects of stress ratio on the temperature-dependent high-cycle fatigue (HCF) properties of alloy steels 2CrMo and 9CrCo, which suffer from substantial vibrational loading at small stress amplitude, high stress ratio, and high frequency in the high-temperature environments in which they function as blade and rotor spindle materials in advanced gas or steam turbine engines. Fatigue tests were performed on alloy steels 2CrMo and 9CrCo subjected to constant-amplitude loading at four stress ratios and at four and three temperatures, respectively, to determine their temperature-dependent HCF properties. The interaction mechanisms between high temperature and stress ratio were deduced and compared with each other on the basis of the results of fractographic analysis. A phenomenological model was developed to evaluate the effects of stress ratio on the temperature-dependent HCF properties of alloy steels 2CrMo and 9CrCo. Good correlation was achieved between the predictions and actual experiments, demonstrating the practical and effective use of the proposed method.     

Q420高强钢角焊缝承载力特性试验及模拟分析

角焊缝是钢结构及钢管法兰连接的重要连接形式,直接影响法兰安全性。为了研究角焊缝在无劲法兰中受力状态及承载力特性,开展了双盖板正面角焊缝拉伸试验,测定角焊缝的变形特性及不同部位应变的发展规律,分析轴拉受力过程中角焊缝的应力-应变关系,计算确定角焊缝的屈服强度、极限强度和弹性模量。不同规格板厚正面角焊试件的屈服强度与其设计强度比值为1.9,极限强度与其设计强度比值为3.0,角焊缝的弹性模量与钢材基本相同。开展角焊缝试件的非线性有限元模拟,角焊缝荷载-位移曲线分析结果与试验结果吻合较好,且破坏形态与试验一致。研究表明我国《钢结构设计规范》中角焊缝的设计规定是偏于安全的。     

无取向硅钢中含镁夹杂物的形成机理分析

通过取样检测和热力学计算,分析了钢中含镁夹杂物的组成特点和形成机理。结果表明:钢中的氧化物主要是与MgS复合的2MgO獉SiO_2或MgO-Al_2O_3-SiO_2类夹杂,析出物主要为MgS、AlN;含MgS的复合夹杂物主要为1~2μm的球状夹杂,因为MgS抑制了MnS的析出,钢中不存在任何形式的MnS夹杂。MgS以包裹在球形氧化物表面、均匀镶嵌在球形夹杂物中、以氧化物为基体或与AlN复合定向析出并长大3种形式存在。热力学计算表明,钢中夹杂物的组成与钢中Mg含量及氧化物特征有关。MgS更容易与含MgO多、硫容量大的MgO-Al_2O_3-SiO_2类夹杂复合析出。MgS以氧化物为基体或与AlN复合定向析出形成的夹杂尺寸更大,其析出长大方式与MgS及夹杂物基体的晶体结构有关。合理控制精炼渣中MgO含量有利于形成含MgS的复合夹杂物,从而减少钢中微细MnS的析出,同时降低钢中MgO獉Al_2O_3的含量。     

10CrNiMo高强钢的低周疲劳特性

采用圆形横截面光滑试样,通过轴向不同应变幅控制的低周疲劳试验,研究了10CrNiMo高强钢的低周疲劳特性,包括循环应力-应变行为、应变-寿命特点、循环应力响应及其力学滞后现象,给出了相应的疲劳参数、循环软硬化特性及应变滞后规律.对裂纹扩展方向及试样疲劳断口的观察表明:裂纹扩展面与轴向力呈现多角度关系,裂纹萌生于试样表面,沿断口周边分布,且具有多源性;疲劳裂纹主要以锐化--钝化机制扩展.     

高强度钢冷弯成型过程应力状态模拟分析

运用有限元分析软件对不同工艺下的高强度钢冷弯成型过程应力、应变状态进行模拟分析。结果表明,所作的有限元应力、应变状态模拟符合实际成型情况;3种不同成型道次中,4道次成型为最佳成型道次;上轧辊角大于成型角4°可最大限度地减小残余轧制应力。     

腐蚀后高强钢管混凝土柱轴压性能

为研究不同腐蚀率下钢材力学性能的变化规律,以Q235、Q355和Q460钢材为研究对象,对12组共38个钢材试样进行了中性盐雾腐蚀试验和单轴拉伸试验,并对腐蚀后钢材性能退化规律进行了总结,提出了适用于不同强度等级的腐蚀后钢材强度预测公式。基于提出的腐蚀后钢材强度预测公式和腐蚀后实际壁厚,建立了腐蚀后高强钢管混凝土柱精细化数值分析模型,在与试验结果对比验证的基础上,分析了不同腐蚀率、混凝土强度和长细比等参数对承载力的影响规律,并依据不同规范采用不同计算方法对腐蚀后的高强钢管混凝土柱的承载力公式进行了预测。结果表明：腐蚀率的增大,钢材弹性模量基本保持不变,屈服平台逐渐缩短甚至消失。随着腐蚀率增加,方形截面高强钢管混凝土柱峰值荷载下降速率略大于圆形截面。混凝土强度等级越高,腐蚀后峰值荷载下降幅度越小。长细比增加,腐蚀后方形截面高强钢管混凝土柱峰值荷载对应的位移增加速率略大于圆形截面。使用钢材强度折减叠加壁厚折减的方法,三种规范对腐蚀后高强钢管混凝土柱承载力的预测更为准确,离散性也更小。     

冷弯加劲高强方钢管柱受力性能及经济性分析

工程中常采用在截面上布置加劲肋的方法来增强构件的稳定性能。为研究冷弯加劲对高强钢管柱受力性能的影响,评估加劲高强钢管柱的经济性。采用有限元ABAQUS软件,建立了冷弯加劲钢管柱轴心受压分析模型。通过考察加劲形状、加劲个数、加劲间距及加劲大小对Q355钢管柱受力性能的影响,确定最优截面形式,进而分析在极限承载力相当时,高强Q690冷弯加劲钢管柱比普通Q355钢管柱用钢量的节约程度。结果表明,设置冷弯加劲可以明显地提升钢管柱轴心受压承载力,冷弯加劲对钢管柱承载力的提高作用随着加劲个数的增加基本保持不变。采用单个半圆弧加劲时,对构件承载力的增强作用便可达到良好的效果。冷弯加劲之间的距离对构件的稳定承载能力基本没有影响。加劲圆弧半径建议取板件厚度的2倍。承载力相当时,冷弯加劲Q690钢管柱的用钢量比Q355钢管柱节省35%左右。     

高品质轴承钢LF--VD过程非金属夹杂物演变规律

对国内一钢厂EAF→LF→VD→CC工艺生产的高品质GCr15轴承钢进行系统取样,针对DS类非金属夹杂物随机性强的特点,利用能够进行大面积试样检测的ASPEX自动扫描电镜分析统计钢中非金属夹杂物的成分、尺寸、数量等信息。研究发现：GCr15轴承钢冶炼过程中非金属夹杂物主要为MgO- Al2 O3- CaO复合夹杂物和MnS,同时有少量的SiO2- Al2 O3和MgO-Al2 O3复合夹杂物;夹杂物尺寸主要集中在3~8μm,并有少量DS类夹杂物出现且尺寸范围波动很大,最大可以达70μm以上,形貌为圆形或近似圆形;VD有较强的去除夹杂物功能,经过VD真空精炼,夹杂物中CaO含量有增加趋势;吊包至铸坯过程,夹杂物成分向Al2 O3含量增多的区域移动,最终轴承钢铸坯中夹杂物成分位于高Al2 O3含量(≥80%),少量MgO (<20%)和低CaO(<5%)的区域;DS夹杂物的生成和去除具有较强的随机性。     

结构疲劳累积损伤与极限承载能力可靠度

根据反复荷载作用造成的疲劳累积损伤对结构极限承载力的影响，研究了疲劳累积损伤下结构承载能力的可靠度计算方法，并以钢-混凝土组合结构的抗剪螺栓为例进行了分析。结果表明，即使常规的极限承载能力可靠度（不考虑疲劳累积损伤）和疲劳可靠度都很高，疲劳累积伤下结构的实际承载能力可靠度也可能较低，因此，在有条件时应对结构疲劳累积损伤下的极限承载力进行验算。     

不同强度级别帘线钢中Ti(C_xN_(1-x))夹杂分析

在真空感应炉中熔炼出3种Ti、N含量相近但强度级别不同的帘线钢钢锭,研究钢液凝固过程中析出碳氮化钛(Ti(CxN1-x))夹杂的尺寸分布特点及其连续固溶体中TiC所占比例与钢中碳含量之间的关系。结果表明,帘线钢在凝固过程中的固液两相区温度随钢液碳含量的升高而降低,可使Ti(CxN1-x)夹杂析出的过饱和度增大,有利于其在钢液凝固过程中析出与长大。随着帘线钢强度级别的提高,钢样中尺寸大于4μm的钛夹杂的比例增加,其平均尺寸也相应增大;72A亚共析帘线钢中未检测到5μm以上的钛夹杂,而82A、92A过共析帘线钢中尺寸大于5μm的钛夹杂析出比例分别达到4.92%和9.52%;钢液凝固过程中析出的Ti(CxN1-x)夹杂中TiC所占比例也随帘线钢强度级别提高而增大。     

Water erosion mechanism of mild carbon steels induced by micro-particles

To clarify the water erosion mechanism of the mild carbon steels, the water erosion experiments were performed by using deionized water as steam source. The results showed that under the damage threshold velocity of liquid impact, the material surface would not be destroyed. However, when the micro-particles were added into the steam, the pits appeared on the surface soon. By comparison, it is found that the pits are quite different from those induced by micro-particles impact without steam, but similar to those induced by cavitation erosion. The results indicated that the water erosion mechanism was similar to that of cavitation erosion under the damage threshold velocity. The micro-particles carry the micro-bubbles to approach the surface of the material, and the micro-bubbles collapse and generate micro-jet to impinge vertically on the surface, which lead to the produce of pits.     

轴承钢中TiN夹杂物的控制研究

研究了轴承钢中TiN夹杂物的形成热力学,以及钢中Ti和N的控制理论,并在某钢厂进行了GCr15轴承钢的生产实验.结果表明,在凝固过程中钢中Ti或N的含量越高,TiN夹杂物开始析出温度就越高,析出物的尺寸就越大;使用低Ti合金原料能够有效降低钢中的Ti含量;采用低Ti铁水,初炼渣中的TiO2降到1.0%以下,能有效控制钢水中的Ti含量;采用低钛合成渣过程回钛量显著减少,钢中Ti含量由原来的37×10-6下降至30×10-6;优化改进精炼工艺和大包保护浇铸可以降低钢中N含量为33×10-6;降低凝固偏析,能降低TiN夹杂析出.     

造船门式起重机上支承铰裂纹扩展分析

为了研究造船门式起重机柔性支腿上支承铰的裂纹扩展规律,以300 t×43 m A型双梁造船门式起重机为研究对象,对其进行了带裂纹试验分析。根据上支承铰的工作情况,研究了不同裂纹长度与不同载荷下上支承铰的承力情况,并通过断裂力学理论与扩展有限元的方法计算出了3种裂纹形式下的应力强度因子,分析得出了上支承铰的应力强度因子为Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型。通过对上支承铰的定量分析,从而得出柔性支腿上支承铰疲劳裂纹扩展的规律,为研究其疲劳寿命提供了理论基础。     

中合金铬钼渗氮轴承钢旋转弯曲疲劳性能研究

为了研究化学热处理对大型轴承疲劳性能的影响规律,对中合金铬钼轴承钢进行离子渗氮处理和旋转弯曲疲劳(RBF)试验。以双真空熔炼(VIM+VAR)的中合金铬钼轴承钢作为实验材料,分析经调质处理(930℃+550℃)后的组织和经离子渗氮后的相组成,分析经过旋转弯曲疲劳试验后断口形貌及裂纹萌生机理,构建表面缺陷与疲劳断裂机理之间的关系。实验结果表明:实验钢经过调质处理后组织为回火索氏体,主要析出M2C型和M3C型碳化物;渗氮后渗氮层中化合物层主要由CrN和Fe4N(γ′相)组成,厚度约为16μm,其不利于基体的疲劳性能提升;实验钢渗氮后的RBF极限为947MPa,较未渗氮试样旋转弯曲疲劳极限提升19.4%;渗氮层中化合物层始裂及非金属夹杂物始裂为主要的两种起裂方式,化合物层和表层粗糙度对渗氮后实验钢的疲劳寿命影响较大。研究结果可为提高中合金铬钼轴承钢的疲劳性能提供实验及理论依据。