Determining role of heterogeneous microstructure in lowering yield ratio and enhancing impact toughness in high-strength low-alloy steel

Here we present a novel approach of intercritical heat treatment for microstructure tailoring, in which intercritical annealing is introduced between conventional quenching and tempering. This induced a heterogeneous microstructure consisting of soft intercritical ferrite and hard tempered martensite, resulting in a low yield ratio(YR) and high impact toughness in a high-strength low-alloy steel. The initial yielding and subsequent work hardening behavior of the steel during tensile deformation were modified by the presence of soft intercritical ferrite after intercritical annealing, in comparison to the steel with full martensitic microstructure. The increase in YR was related to the reduction in hardness difference between the soft and hard phases due to the precipitation of nano-carbides and the recovery of dislocations during tempering.The excellent low-temperature toughness was ascribed not only to the decrease in probability of microcrack initiation for the reduction of hardness difference between two phases, but also to the increase in resistance of microcrack propagation caused by the high density of high angle grain boundaries.     

一种Mn-Al系TRIP钢的临界区奥氏体稳定化研究

利用实验室MMS-200热模拟试验机对Fe-0.2C-7Mn-3Al钢的临界区奥氏体稳定化行为进行研究.通过SEM,EPMA,TEM和XRD等手段观察并分析了实验钢的微观组织演变以及C和Mn元素的配分过程.实验结果表明,不同的临界区退火温度下,实验钢中均存在25%~30%左右的粗大压扁状δ铁素体.随着退火温度的升高,微观组织中残余奥氏体的含量先增加后减小,体积分数为10.2%~32.5%,残余奥氏体与临界区铁素体呈板条状相间分布,板条宽度约200~300 nm.最佳的临界区退火温度为750℃.C,Mn,Al元素的协同作用促进了临界区奥氏体的稳定化,使得实验钢能够在较短的时间内完成有效的配分.     

40SiMnV非调质钢强韧性的研究

本文研究了热加工工艺对40SiMnV非调质钢的金相组织、常规力学性能、断裂韧性、疲劳特性等机械性能的影响。研究表明,这种非调质钢具有与40Gr调质态相近的强度、缺口疲劳极限及小能量多冲抗力,但韧性指标较低。非调质钢的强韧性取决于金相组织中珠光体与先共析铁素体的相对含量、先共析铁素体的晶粒大小及沉淀硬化能力。先共析铁素体的组织参数受原奥氏体晶粒直径、冷却速度及热加工方式(轧制、锻造、正火)的控制。通过回归分析,建立了机械性能与微观组织参数间的数学模型。对非调质铜的性能特点及应用前景进行了讨论,并提出了获得良好的综合机械性能的热加工工艺优化原则。     

无硅TRIP钢力学性能的研究

无硅TRIP钢采用临界区加热等温淬火热处理,获得铁素体,贝氏体及大量稳定残余奥氏体的三相组织·通过对其显微组织观察,断口形貌分析,与高硅TRIP钢力学性能的相互比较,探讨了无硅TRIP钢相变诱发塑性的行为·结果表明:无硅TRIP钢在拉伸变形过程中,应变诱导相变,相变诱发塑性;其拉伸断口形貌呈韧性断口特征;经790℃加热在400℃等温5min时,抗拉强度达到754MPa,延伸率达到36%,综合性能(强塑积)达到27144MPa%的最高值·     

Microstructural evolution during ultra-rapid annealing of severely deformed low-carbon steel: strain,temperature, and heating rate effects

An interaction between ferrite recrystallization and austenite transformation in low-carbon steel occurs when recrystallization is delayed until the intercritical temperature range by employing high heating rate. The kinetics of recrystallization and transformation is affected by high heating rate and such an interaction. In this study, different levels of strain are applied to low-carbon steel using a severe plastic deformation method. Then, ultra-rapid annealing is performed at different heating rates of 200–1100℃/s and peak temperatures of near critical temperature. Five regimes are proposed to investigate the effects of heating rate, strain, and temperature on the interaction between recrystallization and transformation. The microstructural evolution of severely deformed low-carbon steel after ultra-rapid annealing is investigated based on the proposed regimes. Regarding the intensity and start temperature of the interaction, different microstructures consisting of ferrite and pearlite/martensite are formed. It is found that when the interaction is strong, the microstructure is refined because of the high kinetics of transformation and recrystallization. Moreover, strain shifts an interaction zone to a relatively higher heating rate. Therefore, severely deformed steel should be heated at relatively higher heating rates for it to undergo a strong interaction.     

回火温度对超高强高韧V150套管组织性能的影响

采用力学性能测试、金相组织观察、透射电镜以及扫描电镜观察,研究不同回火温度对超深井用超高强高韧套管组织和力学性能的影响规律。研究结果表明:套管经580～700℃回火的组织均为回火索氏体,在580～630℃回火时组织比较稳定,仍然保持着淬火马氏体的位向和形状,在640℃回火时发生铁素体再结晶,在700℃回火时发生组织粗化;与热轧态相比,淬火回火后的塑性和韧性得到了很大提高,在580～700℃回火,未出现第二类回火脆性;随着回火温度的升高,套管的强度和硬度逐渐降低,塑性和韧性逐渐增加;650℃为套管最佳回火温度,回火组织均匀,铁素体再结晶充分,碳化物细小弥散分布,强度达到V150钢级,0℃时横向冲击功接近110 J,强韧性匹配达到最佳。     

低碳中锰热轧TRIP钢退火工艺及组织演变

研究了第三代高强度高塑性TRIP钢的退火工艺对性能的影响和组织演变规律.热轧后形成的原始马氏体与临界退火时形成的残余奥氏体使TRIP钢具有良好的强度和塑性.结果表明:实验用钢可获得1000MPa以上的抗拉强度和30%以上的断后延伸率,且强塑积30 GPa.%;退火温度和保温时间对钢的力学性能具有显著影响,热轧TRIP钢临界退火温度为630℃,保温时间18 h时,实验用钢能获得最佳的综合力学性能.     

回火温度对高Cr马氏体耐热钢组织与性能的影响

利用光学显微镜(OM)、透射电镜(TEM)、扫描电镜(SEM)及电子探针(EPMA)等手段,系统研究了不同回火温度下9%Cr马氏体耐热钢的组织及力学性能变化.结果表明:回火后位错网络化、析出相形态、板条马氏体破碎化等是影响力学性能变化的主要因素.正火并760℃回火后在室温和550℃条件下抗拉强度分别达到657和556MPa,0℃冲击功达到285J,此回火温度下实验钢具有最佳综合力学性能.700, 820,850℃回火,韧性大幅降低.高温服役条件下不发生粗化的MX相弥散分布在铁素体和马氏体中,与马氏体高温回复形成的亚稳态多边形结构有效提升耐热钢抗高温蠕变性能.     

热轧态与回火态 AH80 DB 低碳贝氏体钢组织与冲击韧性

采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜对热轧态和回火态AH80DB低碳贝氏体钢的显微组织、马氏体/奥氏体( M/A)岛、第二相的析出行为以及晶界取向差、有效晶粒尺寸进行研究,揭示回火后低碳贝氏体钢冲击韧性得到改善的原因.结果表明：两种试样的组织均由板条状贝氏体、粒状贝氏体和针状铁素体组成,其中回火态试样中针状铁素体组织较多.热轧态钢中存在较大尺寸M/A岛且呈方向性分布,大角度晶界比例占17.33%,有效晶粒尺寸为3.57μm;而回火态钢中M/A岛的尺寸较小,大角度晶界比例增加3.43%,有效晶粒尺寸减小0.56μm.热轧态钢中析出相主要是( Nb,Ti) C,尺寸在50~150 nm之间,回火态试样中析出较多细小的球状( Nb,Ti) C析出相,尺寸在10 nm左右.     

Effect of microstructure on the impact toughness of a bainitic steel bloom for large plastic molds

The correlation between the impact toughness and microstructural characteristics of a large bainitic steel bloom has been investigated. The study focuses on microcrack nucleation and propagation in the basic cleavage plane. To analyze the phase transformation during the wind-cooling process, the temperature field of the bloom was acquired by computer simulation, and a continuous cooling transformation experiment was conducted. The results show that compared with the surface of the bloom, the toughness of the bloom’s core is decreased by the increase in proeutectoid ferrite and the coarsening of tempered martensite–austenite constituents. The proeutectoid ferrite decreases the toughness via its effects on carbide precipitation, the formation of martensite–austenite constituents, and the bainite transformation. The relatively large tempered martensite–austenite constituents are conducive to microcrack nucleation and propagation.     

热处理工艺对T8钢显微组织及硬度的影响

T8钢由于含碳量高,过剩碳化物极多,塑性和韧性差,若热处理工艺不合适,使材料在服役早期出现开裂和破碎的现象。通过SEM,OPM及XRD等试验方法,研究了T8钢组织和性能随球化退火时间、淬火温度及回火温度的变化。结果表明：T8钢在600℃球化退火2 h后,原始组织中的碳化物即可获得充分球化,以粒状形式细小均匀地分布在基体中,延长退火时间不显著改变碳化物的球化效果;试样经（770±10）℃保温,6 min油淬后,获得的隐晶马氏体组织硬度最高;试样经180~210℃回火1 h空冷后,消除了淬火过程中产生的残余应力,最终获得有球状碳化物均匀分布的隐晶马氏体组织,回火试样硬度较淬火态略有下降。     

亚稳奥氏体对高强度海洋工程用钢力学性能的影响

采用力学性能测试、组织观察等方法研究临界退火和不同温度回火对海洋工程用钢显微组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明,实验钢经两相区退火和不同温度回火后,获得了回火马氏体及不同体积分数(0~6%)的残余奥氏体.随实验钢中残余奥氏体体积分数的增加,屈服强度从753MPa降低到506MPa,抗拉强度介于794~843MPa,屈强比从0.9降低到0.6,延伸率从31.3%提高到36.2%.实验钢中残余奥氏体能够提高冲击塑性变形能力并阻碍裂纹扩展,在-80℃冲击功达到236J,然而热稳定性差的残余奥氏体在低温下优先转变成马氏体并降低了低温韧性,冲击功下降到136J.     

预处理组织对低碳钢IQ&P工艺下组织及性能影响

采用γ单相区和γ+α双相区轧制并淬火工艺以及双相区再加热-淬火-碳配分( IQ&P)工艺,研究预处理组织对低碳钢室温状态多相组织特征及力学性能的影响规律. 实验用低碳钢经两种工艺轧制并淬火处理,获得马氏体和马氏体+铁素体的预处理组织,再经双相区IQ&P工艺处理后均获得多相组织. 马氏体预处理钢的室温组织由板条状亚温铁素体、块状回火马氏体以及一定比例的针状未回火马氏体和8. 2%的针状残余奥氏体组成;马氏体+铁素体预处理钢由板条状亚温铁素体、块状和针状未回火马氏体以及14. 3%的短针状或块状残余奥氏体组成. 在相同的双相区IQ&P工艺参数下,预处理组织为马氏体的钢抗拉强度为770 MPa,伸长率为28%,其强塑积为21560 MPa·%;而预处理组织为马氏体+铁素体的钢抗拉强度为834 MPa,伸长率增大到36. 2%,强塑积达到30190 MPa·%,获得强度与塑性的优良结合.     

Fe-Mn-1.6 Ni-C水电用钢板轧后 直接淬火和回火工艺

通过Fe-Mn-1.6Ni-C钢板控制轧制、轧后直接淬火和560~710℃回火调质处理实验,研究了轧后直接淬火态和回火态的组织与性能变化.结果表明,轧后直接淬火得到组织细小的板条马氏体,固溶强化作用提高了其抗拉强度.经过回火热处理后,碳化物的析出及其对位错的钉扎作用,降低了钢的抗拉强度,提高了钢的屈服强度.随着回火温度的升高,碳化物聚集长大,铁素体发生回复与再结晶,造成强度下降以及冲击韧性提高.当回火温度高于A_○c1时,粗大的碳化物极易引起裂纹形核,破坏钢的冲击韧性.Fe-Mn-1.6Ni-C钢最优的回火温度为680℃,屈服强度为963MPa,抗拉强度为988MPa,延伸率为20.0%,-60℃冲击功为142J.     

马氏体—铁素体组织的耐磨料磨损性

本文研究了45钢和50CrVA钢马氏体—铁素体混合组织的耐磨料磨损性,试验通过亚温淬火低温回火获得硬度相同,但马氏体和铁素体体积比不同的混合组织,进而在ML—10型肖盘式磨损试验机和SKODA—SAV IN快速磨损试验机上研究了铁素体相对量对耐磨料磨损性的影响。研究结果表明,在硬质回火马氏体基体上均匀分布着适量(10～20％)细小条粒状软韧相铁素体对耐磨料磨损性是有益的。但软韧相铁素体过多或无软韧相铁素体存在时都使耐磨料磨损性降低。     

中锰钢奥氏体逆相变的多相场模拟

Medium-Mn steels have attracted immense attention for automotive applications owing to their outstanding combination of high strength and superior ductility. This steel class is generally characterized by an ultrafine-grained duplex microstructure consisting of ferrite and a large amount of austenite. Such a unique microstructure is processed by intercritical annealing, where austenite reversion occurs in a fine martensitic matrix. In the present study, austenite reversion in a medium-Mn alloy was simulated by the multiphase-field approach using the commercial software MICRESS? coupled with the thermodynamic database TCFE8 and the kinetic database MOBFE2. In particular, a faceted anisotropy model was incorporated to replicate the lamellar morphology of reversed austenite. The simulated microstructural morphology and phase transformation kinetics (indicated by the amount of phase) concurred well with experimental observations by scanning electron microscopy and in situ synchrotron high-energy X-ray diffraction, respectively.     

Multiphase-field simulation of austenite reversion in medium-Mn steels

Medium-Mn steels have attracted immense attention for automotive applications owing to their outstanding combination of high strength and superior ductility. This steel class is generally characterized by an ultrafine-grained duplex microstructure consisting of ferrite and a large amount of austenite. Such a unique microstructure is processed by intercritical annealing, where austenite reversion occurs in a fine martensitic matrix. In the present study, austenite reversion in a medium-Mn alloy was simulated by the multiphase-field approach using the commercial software MICRESS~? coupled with the thermodynamic database TCFE8 and the kinetic database MOBFE2. In particular, a faceted anisotropy model was incorporated to replicate the lamellar morphology of reversed austenite. The simulated microstructural morphology and phase transformation kinetics(indicated by the amount of phase) concurred well with experimental observations by scanning electron microscopy and in situ synchrotron high-energy X-ray diffraction, respectively.     

Research and Development of X70 with an Acicular Ferrite Microstructure for West-East Pipeline Project

It is introduced in this paper that a high strength and high toughness X70 pipeline steel with an ultra-low acicular ferrite microstructure has been researched and developed at Baosteel according to the requirements of the West-East Gas Pipeline(WEGTP) project. The developed steel has higher strength, higher toughness, lower ductile-brittle transition temperature and higher dynamic tear-resistance than the conventional X70 with ferrite and pearlite microstructure. The excellent properties of the steel are benefited from ultralow carbon acicular ferrite consisting of interaction of very fine precipitated particles and high-density dislocation. And the steel has been applied on the WEGTP in China.     

微合金钢中氧化物夹杂对焊接热影响区组织、性能的影响

研究了一种微合金钢中夹杂物与模拟焊接热影响区微观组织以及低温冲击韧性的关系.结果发现:实验钢夹杂物以类球状Ti2O3-Al2O3-MnS型复合夹杂为主,分布较为均匀且尺寸小于3μm;在相变冷却时间较短(T8/5=40s)时,试样微观组织以针状铁素体和沿晶铁素体为主,板条贝氏体束较少,原奥氏体晶粒尺寸在50μm左右,低温冲击性能优良;随着相变冷却时间的延长(T8/5=60,80s),原奥氏体晶粒尺寸也随之增大,相变温度的提高和相变区域的变宽使得位于原奥氏体晶界附近的夹杂物对晶界处多边形铁素体的诱导促进作用更加明显,沿晶铁素体长大剧烈,一定程度上消耗了晶内针状铁素体对组织的分割细化作用,使得低温冲击韧性有所降低.     

过时效温度对低成本冷轧双相钢组织性能的影响

通过建立合理的热处理工艺窗口,将低附加值的钢种升级为具有高强塑性的高附加值双相钢产品.以常规C-Mn钢热轧板坯为原料,经过热轧及冷轧后,进行连续退火实验.实验钢经过不同的冷却后过时效制度,形成了铁素体和马氏体组成的微观组织.当过时效温度在320℃以下时,避免了贝氏体组织的出现,并且马氏体相的体积分数随温度的降低而增加.实验钢的抗拉强度与马氏体相含量成正比,屈服强度和延伸率与其成反比,在320℃过时效处理下可获得最佳的综合力学性能,强塑积为182546MPa%.