New insights into the properties of high-manganese steel

In the Collaborative Research Centre 761's Steel ab initio-quantum mechanics guided design of new Fe based materials, scientists and engineers from RWTH Aachen University and the Max Planck Institute for Iron Research conducted research on mechanism-controlled material development with a particular focus on high-manganese alloyed steels. From 2007 to 2019, a total of 55 partial projects and four transfer projects with industrial participation(some running until 2021) have studied material and process design as well as material characterization. The basic idea of the Collaborative Research Centre was to develop a new methodological approach to the design of structural materials. This paper focuses on selected results with respect to the mechanical properties of high-manganese steels, their underlying physical phenomena, and the specific characterization and modeling tools used for this new class of materials. These steels have microstructures that require characterization by the use of modern methods at the nm-scale. Along the process routes, the generation of segregations must be taken into account. Finally, the mechanical properties show a characteristic temperature dependence and peculiarities in their fracture behavior. The mechanical properties and especially bake hardening are affected by short-range ordering phenomena. The strain hardening can be adjusted in a never-before-possible range, which makes these steels attractive for demanding sheet-steel applications.     

TMCP工艺对Si--Mn系贝氏体钢组织与性能的影响

研究了轧后中温缓慢冷却与中温等温两种不同的热机械控制工艺( thermomechanical control process, TMCP)对硅锰系贝氏体钢的组织与性能的影响。通过拉伸试验机测试试验钢的力学性能,利用扫描电子显微镜、电子背散射衍射等分析手段对试验钢进行显微组织结构分析,并利用X射线衍射测定残余奥氏体含量。结果表明：随着轧后连续缓慢冷却开始温度的升高,贝氏体钢的抗拉强度、硬度及拉伸应变硬化指数n值有所提高,伸长率和冲击韧性降低,屈强比先降低后升高。随着轧后等温时间的延长,贝氏体钢的抗拉强度与屈强比先降低后升高,伸长率及冲击韧性先升高后降低。相对于等温制度,连续缓慢冷却可得到更好的综合力学性能,强塑积明显高于前者,伸长率比前者高20%以上。     

粉末冶金制备的AISI 8620钢渗碳后的磨损和力学性能

The effect of carburization on the tensile strength and wear resistance of AISI 8620 steel produced via powder metallurgy was investigated. Alloys 1 and 2 (with 0.2wt% C and 0.25wt% C, respectively) were first pressed at 700 MPa and then sintered at 1300, 1400, or 1500°C for 1 h. The ideal sintering temperature of 1400°C was determined. Afterward, Alloys 1 and 2 sintered at 1400°C were carburized at 925°C for 4 h. The microstructure characterization of alloys was performed via optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical and wear behavior of carburized and noncarburized alloys were investigated via hardness, tensile, and wear tests. After carburization, the ultimate tensile strength of Alloys 1 and 2 increased to 134.4% and 138.1%, respectively. However, the elongation rate of Alloys 1 and 2 decreased to 62.6% and 64.7%, respectively. The wear depth values of Alloy 2 under noncarburized and carburized conditions and a load of 30 N were 231.2 and 100.1 μm, respectively. Oxidative wear changed to abrasive wear when the load transitioned from 15 to 30 N.     

Influence of original microstructure on the transformation behavior and mechanical properties of ultra-high-strength TRIP-aided steel

The transformation behavior and tensile properties of an ultra-high-strength transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steel (0.2C-2.0Si-1.8Mn) were investigated by different heat treatments for automobile applications. The results show that F-TRIP steel, a traditional TRIP steel containing as-cold-rolled ferrite and pearlite as the original microstructure, consists of equiaxed grains of intercritical ferrite surrounded by discrete particles of M/RA and B. In contrast, M-TRIP steel, a modified TRIP-aided steel with martensite as the original microstructure, containing full martensite as the original microstructure is comprised of lath-shaped grains of ferrite separated by lath-shaped martensite/retained austenite and bainite. Most of the austenite in F-TRIP steel is granular, while the austenite in M-TRIP steel is lath-shaped. The volume fraction of the retained austenite as well as its carbon content is lower in F-TRIP steel than in M-TRIP steel, and austenite grains in M-TRIP steel are much finer than those in F-TRIP steel. Therefore, M-TRIP steel was concluded to have a higher austenite stability, resulting in a lower transformation rate and consequently contributing to a higher elongation compared to F-TRIP steel. Work hardening behavior is also discussed for both types of steel.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of cryorolled AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets with different initial textures

AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets with different strong textures were cryorolled at the liquid-nitrogen temperature to the strain of 4% and 8%. The microstructure and texture of the rolled sheets were investigated via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The mechanical properties of the sheets were tested through in-plane uniaxial tensile tests at ambient temperature. The tensile stress was exerted in the rolling direction (RD) and transverse directions (TD). The microstructural and textural evolutions of the alloy during cryorolling were investigated. Due to active twining during rolling, the initial texture significantly influenced the microstructural and textural evolutions of the rolled sheets. A {1012} extension twin was found as the dominated twin-type in the cryorolled samples. After cryogenic rolling, the ductility of the samples decreased while the strength increased. Twinning also played an important role in explaining the mechanical differences between the rolled samples with different initial textures. The samples were significantly strengthened by the high stored energy accumulated from cryorolling.     

冷却速率和奥氏体化温度对40 Cr钢球化退火的影响

为探究奥氏体化温度和冷却速率对40Cr钢球化过程的影响,采用双相区球化退火研究了热轧态40Cr钢的球化退火行为和力学性能。奥氏体化温度从760℃提高到800℃,冷却速率从10℃·h-1上升到30℃·h-1,组织硬度随冷却速度呈V形变化,碳化物球化率随冷却速度变化正好与前者相反。奥氏体化温度为760℃,冷却速率为20℃·h-1所得到的球化组织球化率高,且碳化物细小,具有良好的冷成形性能,可大幅度缩短球化退火时间,显著提高生产效率。提出了球化退火过程中离异共析转变机制,控制好球化过程中奥氏体化温度、冷却速率及保温时间有利于离异共析转变的发生。     

高铝TRIP钢的高温力学性能

利用Gleeble3500试验机研究汽车用C-Mn-Al系TRIP钢的高温力学性能,测定了零塑性温度和零强度温度,应用差示扫描量热法测定其相变区间,采用扫描电镜和光学显微镜分析了不同拉伸温度对应的断口宏观形貌及断口附近组织组成.该钢种零塑性温度和零强度温度分别为1425℃和1430℃,第Ⅰ脆性区间为1400℃~熔点,第Ⅲ脆性区间为800~925℃.第Ⅲ脆性区脆化的原因是α铁素体从γ晶界析出,试样从975℃冷却至700℃过程中,随着α铁素体析出比例的增大,断面收缩率先减小后增大.基体α铁素体比例为8.1%时(850℃),断面收缩率降至28.9%;而拉伸温度在800℃以下时,基体α铁素体比例超过16.7%,断面收缩率回升至38.5%以上.该钢种在1275.6℃时开始析出少量粗大的AlN颗粒,但对钢的热塑性没有影响.     

二次带状组织对低合金非调质钢疲劳性能的影响

采用应力比为0. 1的轴向拉伸疲劳试验分别研究了低合金钢DG20Mn和35CrMo钢的疲劳性能与带状组织的关系.结果表明:带状组织对试验材料的轴向拉伸性能没有明显影响,对35CrMo钢的轴向拉伸疲劳性能影响较小,但严重减弱DG20Mn钢的轴向疲劳性能. 带状组织对疲劳性能的影响主要是由于在高的疲劳拉应力下,带状组织引发疲劳微裂纹、微空洞等疲劳损伤,导致疲劳裂纹萌生及扩展模式发生变化,从而影响疲劳性能.     

Effects of simulated on-fire processing conditions on the microstructure and mechanical performance of Q345R steel

A series of simulated on-fire processing experiments on Q345R steel plates was conducted, and the plates’ Brinell hardness, tensile strength, and impact energy were tested. Microstructure morphologies were systematically analyzed using a scanning electron microscope with the aim of investigating the effect of the steel’s microstructure on its performance. All examined performance parameters exhibited a substantial decrease in the cases of samples heat-treated at temperatures near 700℃. However, although the banded structure decreased with increasing treatment temperature and holding time, it had little effect on the performance decline in fact. Further analysis revealed that pearlite degeneration near 700℃, which was induced by the interaction of both subcritical annealing and conventional spherical annealing, was the primary reason for the degradation behavior. Consequently, some nonlinear mathematical models of different mechanical performances were established to facilitate processing adjustments.     

工模具钢离子束混合改性层的组织结构与性能

研究了Ｍ２钢表面ＴｉＮ涂层的组织结构和性能。这种涂层是通过真空沉 积Ｔｉ原子和注入Ｎ离子交替进行的离子束混合技术实现的。每次沉积Ｔｉ原 子厚度１０００～４０００Ａ，注入Ｎ离子能量６０和９０ｋｅＶ，剂量２×１０１７～８×１０１７ Ｎ＋／ｃｍ２．分析讨论了改性层的相组成及其强化机制。结果表明，在适宜工艺 下，改性层具有高硬度、高耐磨性和优良的结合力。     

Effects of elemental Sn on the properties and inclusions of the free-cutting steel

A new environment-friendly free-cutting steel alloyed with elemental Sn (Y20Sn) was developed to meet the requirements of machinability and mechanical properties according to GB/T8731-1988. The machinability of the steel is enhanced by the segregation of elemental Sn at grain boundaries. The effect of Sn segregation on intergranular brittle fracture at normal cutting temperature from 250℃ to 400℃ is confirmed. The formation mechanism of main inclusions MnS is influenced by the presence of Sn and the attachment of Sn around MnS itself as a surfactant, and this mechanism also explains the improvement in machinability and mechanical properties of the steel. In the steel, the relevant inclusions are mainly spherical or axiolitic, and are uniformly distributed in small volume. Such inclusions improve the machinability of the steel and do not impair the mechanical properties as well. Experimental results demonstrate that the appropriate content of Sn in the steel is 0.03wt% to 0.08wt%, and the remaining composition is close to that of standard Y20 steel.     

双相不锈钢与微合金钢异金属焊接接头的组织及性能

采用ER2209焊丝对双相不锈钢SAF2205与微合金管线钢X65进行熔化极气体保护焊接,获得了具有良好力学性能的异种钢焊接接头.焊接接头不同区域显微组织观察和成分分析表明,微合金钢与不锈钢焊缝间存在异金属熔合区和第二类边界线,熔合区存在Ni、Cr的浓度梯度分布,且硬度高于两侧的焊缝和母材.通过宏观拉伸、缺口拉伸和低温冲击实验测试了焊接接头的力学性能,并获得了接头不同部位在1mol.L-1NaCl溶液中的极化曲线.拉伸试样断裂发生于强度相对较低的微合金钢母材.焊缝金属的缺口拉伸强度和冲击韧性均略低于双相不锈钢母材,但腐蚀电位略高于母材.微合金钢热影响区与母材力学性能相当,腐蚀电位略高于母材.     

Hydrogen effect on the mechanical behaviour and microstructural features of a Fe-Mn-C twinning induced plasticity steel

The influences of hydrogen on the mechanical properties and the fracture behaviour of Fe-22Mn-0.6C twinning induced plasticity steel have been investigated by slow strain rate tests and fractographic analysis.The steel showed high susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement,which led to 62.9%and 74.2%reduction in engineering strain with 3.1 and 14.4 ppm diffusive hydrogen,respectively.The fracture surfaces revealed a transition from ductile to brittle dominated fracture modes with the rising hydrogen contents.The underlying deformation and fracture mechanisms were further exploited by examining the hydrogen effects on the dislocation substructure,stacking fault probability,and twinning behaviour in pre-strained slow strain rate test specimens and notched tensile specimens using coupled electron channelling contrast imaging and electron backscatter diffraction techniques.The results reveal that the addition of hydrogen promotes planar dislocation structures,earlier nucleation of stacking faults,and deformation twinning within those grains which have tensile axis orientations close to<111>//rolling direction and<112>//rolling direction.The developed twin lamellae result in strain localization and micro-voids at grain boundaries and eventually lead to grain boundary decohesion.     

搅拌摩擦加工IF钢的组织性能

对3 mm厚的DC04冷轧IF钢板进行搅拌摩擦加工,研究加工区域的微观组织与力学性能. 在旋转速度为950 r· min-1 ,加工速度为60 mm·min-1时,采用加工后强制冷却技术可获得光滑平整且没有缺陷的加工表面. 搅拌摩擦加工后组织显著细化,加工中心的平均显微硬度约为HV 135. 6,是母材硬度的1. 4倍,表面细晶层硬度最高可达到HV 312. 8,细晶层和过渡层的抗拉强度分别比母材的抗拉强度提高50. 9%和47. 6%,加工前后试样的拉伸断口均呈微孔聚合韧性断裂特征. 细晶强化对材料抗拉强度的提高起主要作用.     

Ti对高强耐候钢力学性能的影响

通过光学显微镜、透射电镜(TEM)以及力学性能测试等手段分析了薄板坯连铸连轧(TSCR)工艺生产Ti微合金化高强耐候钢的成分及工艺对显微组织和力学性能的影响.研究结果表明:钢中加入Ti,屈服强度有明显的提高;钛质量分数为0.05%～0.08%时,高强耐候钢的晶粒尺寸随着钛含量的增加基本不变;高强耐候钢强度的提高主要取决于钢中有效钛的含量,有效钛不仅与钛的含量有关,而且还与S, N的含量有关;在有效钛含量一定的条件下,析出强化的大小主要取决于轧后的卷取温度.     

C—Si—Mn系热轧双相钢显微组织与力学性能之间的关系

通过对热轧试样的组织性能测试,研究了热轧双相钢显微组织与力学性能之间的关系。研究发现,铁素体和马氏体强度是影响力学性能的主要因素。建立了C-Si-Mn系热轧双相钢力学性能的数学模型,可以作为热轧双相钢基本力学性能参数预测的理论依据。     

一种超高强度钢组织性能的研究

通过力学测试、金相、扫描电镜观察等方法研究了不同淬火温度下一种淬火 低温回火超高强度钢的组织性能,系统的探讨了未溶相与淬火温度的关系。结果表明：钢采用低于950℃的淬火温度,组织中存在大量未溶碳化物,当温度高于1010℃时,未溶碳化物基本溶解,马氏体板条束明显粗化,对钢的力学性能有害,适宜的淬火温度为1010℃。     

热处理工艺对27SiMn钢力学性能的影响

27SiMn液压支架管经过调质热处理来实现其良好的综合力学性能.采用四因素三水平的热处理正交试验,研究了不同热处理工艺参数(淬火温度、淬火保温时间、回火温度和回火保温时间)对力学性能的影响,并确定了最优热处理工艺制度为930℃,40 min淬火和480℃,50 min回火.经最优热处理工艺处理后,其力学性能为:屈服强度895 MPa,抗拉强度1030MPa,伸长率15%,断面收缩率54%,冲击功53.3 J,满足了GB/T 17396—1998标准中对27SiMn钢的性能要求.     

中国低活化马氏体钢组织性能及强化机理

通过光学显微镜、透射电镜和化学相分析等方法研究了中国低活化马氏体(CLAM)钢的组织特征、析出行为及其与性能的关系.结果表明:CLAM钢淬火态组织为马氏体,760℃回火后组织转变为细小均匀的索氏体.其室温下的抗拉强度为697MPa,屈服强度为652MPa,延伸率为24.4%;600℃时抗拉强度为453MPa,屈服强度为452MPa,延伸率为23%.韧脆转变温度为-60℃.CLAM钢中的析出物主要为30～70 nm的M23C6和Ta(C,N),这些主要分布在晶界且少量弥散分布于晶内的析出物是强化CLAM钢的主要方式之一.     

连续退火的无Si TRIP钢的组织和力学性能

在实验室用Gleeble3500热模拟试验机制备了一种无Si TRIP钢.利用拉伸试验机、扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射以及热膨胀仪对其力学性能、微观组织和相变规律进行研究,在此基础上分析了贝氏体相变温度和时间对力学性能和残余奥氏体的影响.无Si TRIP钢呈现出良好的整体力学性能,抗拉强度分布在740～810 MPa,延伸率均在25%以上,最高可达32%以上;贝氏体等温温度为420℃时能获得最佳的综合力学性能,抗拉强度随贝氏体相变时间增加而下降,延伸率随之上升,而屈服强度没有显著变化.无Si TRIP制的铁素体晶粒大小约为3～4μm,比含Si TRIP钢铁素体晶粒细小;残余奥氏体的体积分数在8%～10%,比含Si TRIP钢低约3%;420℃保温300 s后贝氏体相变基本结束,而碳的扩散仍然在进行;无Si TRIP钢贝氏体相变速率比含Si TRIP钢快,贝氏体相变总量也更多.