Shell concentrations of Early Silurian virgianid brachiopods in northern Guizhou: Temporal and spatial distribution and tempestite formation

Shell beds in the uppermost Xiangshuyuan Formation and its coeval Upper Shihniulan Formation (Lower Silurian), northern Guizhou, SW China, are interpreted as tempestites occurring on the Upper Yangtze Platform. The shells are dominated by two endemic and transient virgianid (brachiopod) taxa, Paraconchidium shiqianensis and Virgianella glabera, which vary in relative abundance and deposited as fragments of valves with cemented micrite that differs from the surrounding sediment, demonstrat- ing that the shells were not originally preserved in growth positions. The thicknesses of individual shell layers vary from ten centimeters to more than four meters. Shells had been strongly stirred up by high-energy currents, mainly caused by ocean storm events and probably related to the profile of the geographic shape of the coastline. Fragmentation of shells, in particular, their thinning anterior parts of ventral and dorsal valves are more intensive. The benthic assemblages are from lower BA2 to upper BA3 in depth, assigned to near shoal belt in geographic background. Breakage and stacking density are of the indexes of proximal and distal transportations. Northern Guizhou was located within the lower latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere during the Silurian time, and obviously affected the depth of the virgianid inhabitation. Most of these shells were disturbed repeatedly by surges. It is inferred that on average, several ten thousand years of growth of shells were required for development of shell layers, followed by storm disruption.     

A Silurian sea spider

Pycnogonids (sea spiders) are marine arthropods numbering some 1,160 extant species. They are globally distributed in depths of up to 6,000 metres, and locally abundant; however, their typically delicate form and non-biomineralized cuticle has resulted in an extremely sparse fossil record that is not accepted universally. There are two opposing views of their phylogenetic position: either within Chelicerata as sister group to the euchelicerates, or as a sister taxon to all other euarthropods. The Silurian Herefordshire Konservat-Lagerstatte in England (approximately 425 million years (Myr) bp) yields exceptionally preserved three-dimensional fossils that provide unrivalled insights into the palaeobiology of a variety of invertebrates. The fossils are preserved as calcitic void in-fills in carbonate concretions within a volcaniclastic horizon, and are reconstructed digitally. Here we describe a new pycnogonid from this deposit, which is the oldest adult sea spider by approximately 35 Myr and the most completely known fossil species. The large chelate first appendage is consistent with a chelicerate affinity for the pycnogonids. Cladistic analyses place the new species near the base of the pycnogonid crown group, implying that the latter had arisen by the Silurian period.     

塔里木盆地志留系遗迹化石组合及其沉积环境

依据化石生态和沉积学特征 ,系统地研究了塔里木盆地志留系遗迹化石的组成、分类及其沉积环境 ,认为存在 4种遗迹化石组合 :①Palaeophycus Planolites遗迹组合 ,由进食潜穴、滤食居住潜穴和觅食迹组成 ,包括Planolites,Palaeophycus,Macaronichnus,Skolithos,Ophiomorpha和Taenidium等遗迹属 ,反映了潮间带混合坪沉积环境 ;②Skolithos遗迹组合 ,由居住潜穴组成 ,常见遗迹属有Skolithos,Ophiomorpha ,Arenicolites,Thalassinoides和Cylindrichnus,代表了前滨或潮下带砂坪沉积环境 ;③Planolites Taenidium遗迹组合 ,以进食潜穴和居住潜穴为特征 ,主要组成分子有Taenidium ,Planolites,Palaeophycus,Skolithos,Arenicolites和Thalassinoides等遗迹属 ,指示了具有周期性风暴影响的过渡带沉积环境 ;④Helminthopsis遗迹组合 ,主要由觅食迹组成 ,其中以Helminthopsis和Zoophycos遗迹属最为常见 ,表明了低能的滨外环境     

塔里木盆地塔中地区志留系沉积演化研究

根据现代沉积学和层序地层学理论,以塔里木盆地志留系大量的岩心、测井和地震资料为基础,开展地层划分与沉积演化研究.塔中地区志留系分为下统柯坪塔格组沉积、塔塔埃尔塔格组、经历碎屑岩潮坪(局部发育扇三角洲)—内陆棚(泻湖)沉积演化.研究成果对于塔里木盆地储层展布及储盖组合具有参考价值,便于指导下一步油气勘探.     

An exceptionally preserved vermiform mollusc from the Silurian of England

Studies of the origin and radiation of the molluscs have yet to resolve many issues regarding their nearest relatives, phylogeny and ancestral characters. The Polyplacophora (chitons) and the Aplacophora are widely interpreted as the most primitive extant molluscs, but Lower Palaeozoic fossils of the former lack soft parts, and the latter were hitherto unrecognized as fossils. The Herefordshire Lagerst?tte is a Silurian (about 425 Myr bp) deposit that preserves a marine biota in remarkable three-dimensional detail. The external surface of even non-biomineralized cuticle was preserved by entombment in volcanic ash, subsequent incorporation into concretions, and infilling of the fossils with sparry calcite. Here we describe, from this deposit, a complete vermiform mollusc, which we interpret as a plated aplacophoran. Serial grinding at intervals of tens of micrometres, combined with computer-based reconstruction methods, renders the fossils in the round.     

亮度保持的夜景图像增强算法

针对夜景图像对比度增强的特点,提出一种亮度保持的夜景图像增强算法。根据平均亮度将夜景图像递归分解为一系列不同灰度级范围的子图像,然后对每个子图像在其灰度级范围内进行均衡。实验结果表明,该算法在充分扩展图像灰度级动态范围的同时,可以通过递归深度的选择控制图像亮度的变化,使增强后的夜景图像显得自然与真实。     

塔中志留系柯坪塔格组沉积变化研究——以塔中16井区为例

在塔里木盆地志留系柯坪塔格组岩心和薄片基础上,对塔中11-12井区和16井区粒度特征、碳氧同位素、以及微观下石膏赋存状态进行研究,塔中16井区志留系柯坪塔格组下统的沉积特征与塔中11-12井区呈现明显不同的特征.本文对塔中11-12井区和塔中16井区的对比能够对这种差异化进行一定程度的描述和推测,并希望对其影响下的储层差异提供研究依据.     

塔里木盆地志留系沉积体系及分布特征

根据现代沉积学和地层学理论,对塔里木盆地志留系大量的岩心、测井和地震资料进行了综合研究。结果表明,研究区志留系可划分成2个沉积层序,又可分为3个沉积体系：（1）发育较高成分和结构成熟度的冲洗层理和前积序列的滨岸沉积体系;（2）生物扰动构造发育的砂泥岩不等厚间互的滨外陆棚和斜坡沉积体系;（3）具平缓地势缺乏障壁岛的碎屑潮坪沉积体系。详细分析了这些沉积体系的岩性序列、沉积构造及粒度概率等沉积特征,建立了研究区碎屑海岸和碎屑潮坪沉积模式,确定了不同沉积相的平面分布规律。结果显示满加尔坳陷草1井区为盆地的沉积中心。根据该区积相与生储盖层之间的关系,探明了塔北南斜坡滨岸砂岩和塔中北斜坡砂坪砂岩是今后勘探的有利地区。     

塔里木盆地志留系沉积体系及分布特征

根据现代沉积学和层序地层学理论 ,对塔里木盆地志留系大量的岩心、测井和地震资料进行了综合研究。结果表明 ,研究区志留系可以划分成 2个沉积层序 ,又可分为 3个沉积体系 :(1)发育较高成分和结构成熟度的冲洗层理和前积序列的滨岸沉积体系 ;(2 )生物扰动构造发育的砂泥岩不等厚间互的滨外陆棚和斜坡沉积体系 ;(3)具平缓地势缺乏障壁岛的碎屑潮坪沉积体系。详细分析了这些沉积体系的岩性序列、沉积构造及粒度概率等沉积特征 ,建立了研究区碎屑海岸和碎屑潮坪沉积模式 ,确定了不同沉积相的平面分布规律。结果显示满加尔坳陷草 1井区为盆地的沉积中心。根据该区沉积相与生储盖层之间的关系 ,探明了塔北南斜坡滨岸砂岩和塔中北斜坡砂坪砂岩是今后勘探的有利地区。     

塔里木盆地塔中地区志留系测井沉积相研究

根据常规组合测井、地层倾角测井及成像测井资料的测井相序列特征以及利用神经网络岩相处理结果,对塔中地区志留系沉积相类型及有利沉积相带的空间展布和古水流方向进行了研究.结果表明,将该区潮坪沉积划分为潮下带砂坪、潮间带砂泥坪和潮道、潮上带泥坪4个微相,与其他取心井段(或未取心井段)岩屑录井的对比符合率较高;该区志留系塔塔埃尔塔格组(下砂岩段)主要物源来自西北方向,次要物源来自东北方向.利用常规测井解释的岩性剖面、岩心刻度测井处理解释的沉积学倾角结果(沉积构造和古水流)和神经网络岩相处理解释成果,建立了塔中地区志留系关键井的测井沉积亚、微相解释模型.该模型为工区关键井垂向旋回叠置关系和沉积体系的空间展布特征研究提供了连续的、较准确的岩相剖面,对于海陆过渡相的层序划分对比和在塔里木盆地寻找隐蔽油气藏亦有一定的借鉴作用.     

塔里木盆地塔中地区志留系测井沉积相研究

根据常规组合测井、地层倾角测井及成像测井资料的测井相序列特征以及利用神经网络岩相处理结果，对塔中地区志留系沉积相类型及有利沉积相带的空间展布和古水流方向进行了研究。结果表明．将该区潮坪沉积划分为潮下带砂坪、潮间带砂泥坪和潮道、潮上带泥坪4个微相，与其他取心井段（或未取心井段）告屑录井的对比符合率较高；该区志留系塔塔埃尔塔格组（下砂岩段）主要物源来自西北方向，次要物源来自东北方向。利用常规测井解释的岩性剖面、岩心刻度测井处理解释的沉积学倾角结果（沉积构造和古水流）和神经网络岩相处理解释成果，建立了塔中地区志留系关键井的测井沉积亚、微相解释模型。该模型为工区关键井垂向旋回叠置关系和沉积体系的空间展布特征研究提供了连续的、较准确的岩相剖面，对于海陆过渡相的层序划分对比和在塔里木盆地寻找隐蔽油气藏亦有一定的借鉴作用。     

塔里木盆地志留系盖层综合评价

将塔里木盆地志留系盖层的宏观与微观评价相结合 ,能更好地对盖层封油气能力进行综合评价 ,对塔里木盆地志留系下一步的油气勘探具有一定指导意义 .通过研究盖层岩石发育的沉积环境、盖层岩性、厚度分布 ,揭示了泥岩盖层平面上的延展性、连续性和稳定性 ;通过统计志留系已发现的沥青砂岩及各种油气显示分布与盖层之间的关系 ,分析了盖层对油气封堵作用的有效性 ;结合盖层样品实际突破压力测定 ,建立盖层封闭性综合评价指数与评价标准 ,对盖层的封油气能力进行了评价 .研究表明 :塔里木盆地志留系红色泥岩段和下砂岩段中亚段两套泥岩盖层具有较强的封油气能力 ,对志留系油气藏的形成与保存具有极其重要的作用     

贵阳乌当志留系下高寨田群的沉积环境及遗迹化石

据对贵阳乌当奶坡冲志留系下高寨田群上段地层、古生物、遗迹化石、岩石及沉积构造等方面资料的分析,认为其代表了从潮下带到潮间带到潮上带的一个潮坪沉积序到。文章还对遗迹化石进行了描述。     

EPS复合式保温技术在外墙外保温中的应用

EPS复合式保温技术是一项高效经济的外墙外保温技术．本文介绍了EPS复合式保温技术的构造、材料要求、不同的固定方法和质量控制要点．     

四川盆地下志留统龙马溪组页岩气勘探前景

利用野外露头、岩心、薄片及相关测试分析对四川盆地南部龙马溪组页岩气勘探前景分析。页岩厚度可达700m,有机碳丰度为0.15%～8.75%、生烃潜力大;页岩裂缝较发育,为页岩气提供了充足的储集空间。页岩其本身具有较强的抗破坏能力,是良好的盖层。四川盆地南部龙马溪组页岩层与美国成功开采的页岩气盆地的成藏条件相似,展示了该套页岩层具有良好的勘探潜力。     

迭部志留系硅质岩地球化学特征及成因分析

中-下志留统碳硅泥岩赋铀建造中硅质岩的主量元素、微量元素、稀土元素、Si和O同位素特征显示,下部地层中硅质岩样品的形成与火山物质相关,其形成古构造环境为边缘海环境,并具上地壳特征,硅质岩样品中的铀来源于下伏中酸性火山岩;上部地层中硅质岩样品为与生物作用有关的热水沉积硅质岩,其形成古构造环境为扩张中心(裂谷)开始活动的边缘海环境,并具幔源特征,硅质岩样品中的铀可能来源于上地幔。