慢性肝炎患者91例庚型肝炎病毒抗体测定

目的：阐明HGV在慢性乙肝和慢性丙肝病人中的感染情况。方法：甩ELISA法检测上述二类对象的度型肝炎病毒抗体（抗—HGV）。结果：35例慢性丙肝中有13例阳性,阳性率为37．1％。56例慢性乙肝中有5例阳性,阳性率为8．9％。结论：侵性肝炎合并HGV感染率较高,尤其是慢性丙肝。可能是HBV和HCV感染易慢性化的原因之一,但较单一HBV和HCV感染的临床表现无明显加重趋势。     

丙型肝炎病毒感染与ras,p53基因表达的相关性

为了探讨丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）感染与肝细胞癌（ＨＣＣ）的关系以及ＨＣＶ可能的致癌机理，采用免疫组织化学方法及巢式ＰＣＲ法检测了１３６例肝细胞癌等肝病组织中的ＨＣＶＮＳ３抗原、ＨＣＶＲＮＡ及Ｐ２１、Ｐ５３蛋白。结果表明，肝细胞癌及癌周肝组织中有ＨＣＶＮＳ３抗原及ＨＣＶＲＮＡ检出，支持ＨＣＶ与ＨＣＣ的关联。Ｐ２１在ＨＣＣ、肝炎后肝硬化、慢性肝炎、体质性黄疸各组中的检出率随病变的加重而逐渐增高，在ＨＣＣ的癌及癌周组织中Ｐ２１呈致密的过量表达，提示ｒａｓ癌基因的激活在ＨＣＣ的发生过程中起一定作用。Ｐ５３的阳性率较Ｐ２１低，但ｐ５３的突变似乎也是肝癌发生的协同因素之一。组织中Ｐ２１的过量表达与ＨＣＶＮＳ３抗原阳性检出呈正相关，ＨＣＶＮＳ３抗原与Ｐ２１的这种关联提示，ＨＣＶ感染作为ＨＣＣ的密切相关因素之一，可能通过激活某些癌基因或使某些抑癌基因突变而致肝细胞癌变     

树鼩应用于丙型肝炎病毒相关领域的研究进展

丙型肝炎病毒慢性感染已成为世界范围的公共健康问题,由于缺少合适的丙型肝炎病毒研究模型,所以对丙肝病毒感染机制、生活周期和致病机制的研究进展较为缓慢。树鼩属于低等的灵长类动物,许多生物学特性近似于人类。近年来引起医学生物界和相关管理部门的重视和关注,国内外的学者在树鼩是否可作为丙型肝炎病毒感染的动物模型方面作过十分有益的尝试。本文介绍了国内外树鼩应用于丙型肝炎病毒模型研究的进展情况及应用前景。     

An NS3 protease inhibitor with antiviral effects in humans infected with hepatitis C virus

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a serious cause of chronic liver disease worldwide with more than 170 million infected individuals at risk of developing significant morbidity and mortality. Current interferon-based therapies are suboptimal especially in patients infected with HCV genotype 1, and they are poorly tolerated, highlighting the unmet medical need for new therapeutics. The HCV-encoded NS3 protease is essential for viral replication and has long been considered an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in HCV-infected patients. Here we identify a class of specific and potent NS3 protease inhibitors and report the evaluation of BILN 2061, a small molecule inhibitor biologically available through oral ingestion and the first of its class in human trials. Administration of BILN 2061 to patients infected with HCV genotype 1 for 2 days resulted in an impressive reduction of HCV RNA plasma levels, and established proof-of-concept in humans for an HCV NS3 protease inhibitor. Our results further illustrate the potential of the viral-enzyme-targeted drug discovery approach for the development of new HCV therapeutics.     

地高辛掺入法检测HCV RNA含量在肝病诊断中的应用

目的：研究血清HCVRNA含量与HCV感染者肝病程度的关系。方法：应用地高辛掺入法检测血清HCVRNA含量。在PCR过程中将DIG－dUTP掺入到PCR产物中去，再用PCRELISA法检测PCR产物，结合标准参考样本而达定量目的。结果：丙肝后肝硬化组血清HCVRNA含量显著高于丙型肝炎组。结论：地高辛掺入法检测血清HCVRNA含量可以为HCV感染者的病情判断提供科学依据。     

分支DNA探针法检测21例丙型肝炎血清病毒RNA

目前主要依赖检测丙型肝炎抗体来确定对丙型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis C virus,HCV)感染的诊断,但它不能反应机体是否有活动的病毒血症。分支DNA探针法应用合成的DNA分子与靶HCV—RNA特异性的杂交,形成RNA—DNA杂交体,用dioxetane作为底物与化学发光物结合,通过测定其发光强度可直接检测血清HCV—RNA的含量。本文测定21例慢性活动性丙型肝炎血清。HCV—RNA最低值为0.66Meg/ml;最高值为58Meg/ml,21例中86％的数值分布在0.66Meg/m-12Meg/ml的范围内。此方法cutoff值为0.5Meg//ml。我们所测定的21例均高于cutoff值。此方法操作简便,特异性强。为临床丙型肝炎治疗的监测及疗效的判断提供了重要的依据。     

维持血透患者庚型肝炎病毒感染的临床研究

研究血液净化中心维持血液透析患者庚型肝炎病毒（ＨＧＶ） 感染率、影响因素和临床特点．应用反转录聚合酶链反应法（ＲＴＰＣＲ） ,检测了１４９ 例维持血透患者ＨＧＶ 感染情况．维持血透患者ＨＧＶＲＮＡ 阳性率为４ ．７ ％ ,与ＨＧＶＲＮＡ阴性患者相比,两组在人口统计学资料、维持透析时间、输血量、合并ＨＢＶ 和ＨＣＶ 感染率及肝脏酶谱等方面无统计学差异．维持血透患者ＨＧＶ 感染率高于普通人群,但无明显肝损害表现     

Evasion of intracellular host defence by hepatitis C virus

Viral infection of mammalian cells rapidly triggers intracellular signalling events leading to interferon alpha/beta production and a cellular antiviral state. This 'host response' is our first line of immune defence against infection as it imposes several barriers to viral replication and spread. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) evades the host response through a complex combination of processes that include signalling interference, effector modulation and continual viral genetic variation. These evasion strategies support persistent infection and the spread of HCV. Defining the molecular mechanisms by which HCV regulates the host response is of crucial importance and may reveal targets for novel therapeutic strategies.     

慢性乙型肝炎临床治疗的现状与挑战

 病毒本身和机体免疫应答是影响HBV感染病情进展和临床转归的重要因素。目前免疫学研究及临床观察结果表明,单纯的抗病毒治疗无法重建慢性乙型肝炎患者的抗病毒免疫功能,因而无法彻底治愈HBV感染。联合新的免疫治疗策略,根据疾病的不同阶段采取针对性的治疗方案,可能是实现HBV感染治愈的有效方法。本文综述慢性乙型肝炎治疗的现状与进展。     

静脉药瘾者血源传播病毒感染情况的调查分析

目的:调查静脉药瘾者主要血源传播病毒HBV、HCV、HGV、CMV和HSV的感染率。方法:采用酶联免疫吸附法、放射免疫法R、T-PCR和荧光定量PCR法,检测了406例静脉药瘾者血清,其中共用注射器者49.01%,同时设立102例正常健康体检者作为对照。结果:静脉药瘾者HBV、HCV、HGV、CMV和HSV的感染率分别是36.45%、69.7%、1.97%、2.71%和3.45%,其中总感染人数321人(79.06%)和重叠感染人数128人(31.53%),尤其有共用注射器者感染率及重叠感染率均高于未共用者,两者差异具有显著性意义(P<0.05)。对照组检测仅发现存在HBV感染(17.6%),其余病毒感染指标均为阴性。结论:静脉药瘾者血源传播病毒感染率明显增高,其中以HCV感染最为突出,并且共用注射器是导致感染扩大的危险要素。     

Interferon modulation of cellular microRNAs as an antiviral mechanism

RNA interference through non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) represents a vital component of the innate antiviral immune response in plants and invertebrate animals; however, a role for cellular miRNAs in the defence against viral infection in mammalian organisms has thus far remained elusive. Here we show that interferon beta (IFNbeta) rapidly modulates the expression of numerous cellular miRNAs, and that eight of these IFNbeta-induced miRNAs have sequence-predicted targets within the hepatitis C virus (HCV) genomic RNA. The introduction of synthetic miRNA-mimics corresponding to these IFNbeta-induced miRNAs reproduces the antiviral effects of IFNbeta on HCV replication and infection, whereas neutralization of these antiviral miRNAs with anti-miRNAs reduces the antiviral effects of IFNbeta against HCV. In addition, we demonstrate that IFNbeta treatment leads to a significant reduction in the expression of the liver-specific miR-122, an miRNA that has been previously shown to be essential for HCV replication. Therefore, our findings strongly support the notion that mammalian organisms too, through the interferon system, use cellular miRNAs to combat viral infections.     

Claudin-1 is a hepatitis C virus co-receptor required for a late step in entry

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of cirrhosis and liver cancer worldwide. A better understanding of the viral life cycle, including the mechanisms of entry into host cells, is needed to identify novel therapeutic targets. Although HCV entry requires the CD81 co-receptor, and other host molecules have been implicated, at least one factor critical to this process remains unknown (reviewed in refs 1-3). Using an iterative expression cloning approach we identified claudin-1 (CLDN1), a tight junction component that is highly expressed in the liver, as essential for HCV entry. CLDN1 is required for HCV infection of human hepatoma cell lines and is the first factor to confer susceptibility to HCV when ectopically expressed in non-hepatic cells. Discrete residues within the first extracellular loop (EL1) of CLDN1, but not protein interaction motifs in intracellular domains, are critical for HCV entry. Moreover, antibodies directed against an epitope inserted in the CLDN1 EL1 block HCV infection. The kinetics of this inhibition indicate that CLDN1 acts late in the entry process, after virus binding and interaction with the HCV co-receptor CD81. With CLDN1 we have identified a novel key factor for HCV entry and a new target for antiviral drug development.     

HCV感染与多种自身抗体高检出率的关系

为探讨丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）感染后体内出现的自身抗体的病理意义及其引起的自身免疫的发生机制。方法：对１６１例ＨＣＶ感染者进行了八种自身抗体（抗核抗体、类风湿因子、抗甲状腺球蛋白抗体、抗甲状腺微粒体抗体、抗双链ＤＮＡ抗体、抗ＲＮＰ抗体、抗Ｓｍ抗体、抗精子抗体）的检测。结果：有５２例检出６９项次自身抗体,自身抗体检出率为３２．３％,显著高于健康人对照组（Ｐ＜０．００５）（未计抗精子抗体）。结论：ＨＣＶ感染可能是诱发自身免疫反应的一个重要因素     

Innate immunity induced by composition-dependent RIG-I recognition of hepatitis C virus RNA

Innate immune defences are essential for the control of virus infection and are triggered through host recognition of viral macromolecular motifs known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an RNA virus that replicates in the liver, and infects 200 million people worldwide. Infection is regulated by hepatic immune defences triggered by the cellular RIG-I helicase. RIG-I binds PAMP RNA and signals interferon regulatory factor 3 activation to induce the expression of interferon-alpha/beta and antiviral/interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) that limit infection. Here we identify the polyuridine motif of the HCV genome 3' non-translated region and its replication intermediate as the PAMP substrate of RIG-I, and show that this and similar homopolyuridine or homopolyriboadenine motifs present in the genomes of RNA viruses are the chief feature of RIG-I recognition and immune triggering in human and murine cells. 5' terminal triphosphate on the PAMP RNA was necessary but not sufficient for RIG-I binding, which was primarily dependent on homopolymeric ribonucleotide composition, linear structure and length. The HCV PAMP RNA stimulated RIG-I-dependent signalling to induce a hepatic innate immune response in vivo, and triggered interferon and ISG expression to suppress HCV infection in vitro. These results provide a conceptual advance by defining specific homopolymeric RNA motifs within the genome of HCV and other RNA viruses as the PAMP substrate of RIG-I, and demonstrate immunogenic features of the PAMP-RIG-I interaction that could be used as an immune adjuvant for vaccine and immunotherapy approaches.     

HCV感染通过Erk信号的激活上调PTTG1的表达

 为探讨丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染导致肝细胞癌发生的分子机制,利用前期研究建立的体外HCV细胞培养体系,将HCV JFH-1 RNA转染CD81-Huh7细胞,确定能够获得感染性HCV后,收集HCV转染后10,50,100和150d的细胞,采用Real time PCR及Western Blot法检测不同时间点细胞内垂体瘤转化基因1(PTTG1)基因和蛋白水平的表达情况,同时检测总MAPK/Erk1/2,磷酸化Erk1/2(p-Erk1/2)蛋白的表达。随后,用干扰素抑制HCV的感染,再检测PTTG1及MAPK/Erk1/2的表达情况,以及用MAPK/Erk抑制剂(PD98059)阻断MAPK/Erk 1/2的磷酸化后,检测PTTG1的表达情况。结果显示,HCV转染的细胞与未转染细胞比较,PTTG1的mRNA和蛋白表达均显著增加,p-Erk1/2蛋白显著升高(P＜0.05);抑制HCV感染显著降低PTTG1的表达和MAPK/Erk1/2的磷酸化(P＜0.05);MAPK/Erk1/2抑制剂显著降低了PTTG1基因和蛋白的表达(P＜0.05)。体外HCV感染可以导致MAPK/Erk信号通路的磷酸化,进一步导致原癌基因PTTG1的表达增加,这可能是慢性HCV感染导致HCV相关性肝细胞癌发生的分子机制之一。     

A genetically humanized mouse model for hepatitis C virus infection

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains a major medical problem. Antiviral treatment is only partially effective and a vaccine does not exist. Development of more effective therapies has been hampered by the lack of a suitable small animal model. Although xenotransplantation of immunodeficient mice with human hepatocytes has shown promise, these models are subject to important challenges. Building on the previous observation that CD81 and occludin comprise the minimal human factors required to render mouse cells permissive to HCV entry in vitro, we attempted murine humanization via a genetic approach. Here we show that expression of two human genes is sufficient to allow HCV infection of fully immunocompetent inbred mice. We establish a precedent for applying mouse genetics to dissect viral entry and validate the role of scavenger receptor type B class I for HCV uptake. We demonstrate that HCV can be blocked by passive immunization, as well as showing that a recombinant vaccinia virus vector induces humoral immunity and confers partial protection against heterologous challenge. This system recapitulates a portion of the HCV life cycle in an immunocompetent rodent for the first time, opening opportunities for studying viral pathogenesis and immunity and comprising an effective platform for testing HCV entry inhibitors in vivo.     

广西肝细胞癌与丙型肝炎的关系

用４种抗丙型肝炎病毒蛋白的单克隆抗体，免疫酶染色法直接检测肝细胞癌的病理组织中丙肝病毒蛋白。结果８／５２例（１５．４％），一至数种抗体阳性，阳性反应物主要定位于肝和癌细胞的胞浆中，值得注意的是本组几乎全部病例为乙肝，丙肝两种病毒混合感染，表明广西丙型肝炎的混合感染的比较高，乙型肝炎病毒（ＨＢＶ）加上黄曲霉毒素（ＡＦＢ１）或丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）可能是广西肝细胞癌（ＨＣＣ）高发的原因。     

对丙型肝炎病毒具有潜在抑制作用的 L-苯丙氨酸衍生物前体的合成

丙型肝炎病毒（HCV ）感染与肝脏病变密切相关，是造成慢性肝炎、肝硬化及肝脏细胞肿瘤的主要原因之一．由于病毒自身的生物学特性，目前仍然没有有效的疫苗和治疗药物，研究开发高效的抗病毒药物具有重要意义．Reddy和他的小组设计合成了一系列 N，N-二取代的苯丙氨酸类似物，并证明了具有该种结构的化合物可对肝炎病毒聚合酶具有很好的抑制作用，以 L-苯丙氨酸为起始原料，经过酯化成氨基酸甲酯、与不同取代基的芳香醛缩合成希夫碱、将亚胺结构还原、酸化脱酯4步反应合成了8种对丙型肝炎病毒具有潜在抑制作用的此类化合物的前体，最高总产率达到77．4％．测定产物熔点，通过核磁氢谱对目标产物的结构进行表征，结果表明实现了目标化合物的合成．     

SDS在HCV基因工程抗原包被中的应用研究

在间接ELISA法检测HCV抗体过程中,通过使用含有十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）的包被液对HCV基因工程抗原固相化,发现使用SDS提高了HCV间接ELISA法诊断试剂检测的阳性标本和阴性标本的偏比,改善了反应模式,为改善HCV-ELISA法诊断试剂的质量提供了有效途径.