Characteristics of decadal-centennial-scale changes in East Asian summer monsoon circulation and precipitation during the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age and in the present day

Using meteorological observations, proxies of precipitation and temperature, and climate simulation outputs, we synthetically analyzed the regularities of decadal-centennial-scale changes in the summer thermal contrast between land and ocean and summer precipitation over the East Asian monsoon region during the past millennium; compared the basic characteristics of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) circulation and precipitation in the present day, the Little Ice Age (LIA) and the Medieval Warm Period (MWP); and explored their links with solar irradiance and global climate change. The results indicate that over the last 150 years, the EASM circulation and precipitation, indicated by the temperature contrast between the East Asian mainland and adjacent oceans, had a significant decadal perturbation and have been weaker during the period of rapid global warming over the past 50 years. On the centennial time scale, the EASM in the MWP was strongest over the past 1000 years. Over the past 1000 years, the EASM was weakest in 1450-1570. When the EASM circulation was weaker, the monsoon rain belt over eastern China was generally located more southward, with there being less precipitation in North China and more precipitation in the Yangtze River valley; therefore, there was an anomalous pattern of southern flood/northern drought. From the 1900s to 1920s, precipitation had a pat- tern opposite to that of the southern flood/northern drought, with there being less precipitation in the Yangtze River valley and more precipitation in North China. Compared with the case for the MWP, there was a longer-time-scale southern flood/northern drought phenomenon in 1400-1600. Moreover, the EASM circulation and precipitation did not synchronously vary with the trend of global temperature. During the last 150 years, although the annual mean surface temperature around the world and in China has increased, the EASM circulation and precipitation did not have strengthening or weakening trends. Over the past 1000 years, the weakest EASM occurred ahead of the lowest Northern Hemispheric temperature and corresponded to the weakest solar irradiance.     

A comparison of the Medieval Warm Period, Little Ice Age and 20th century warming simulated by the FGOALS climate system model

To compare differences among the Medieval Warm Period (MWP), Little Ice Age (LIA), and 20th century global warming (20CW), six sets of transient and equilibrium simulations were generated using the climate system model FGOALS_gl. This model was developed by the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The results indicate that MWP warming is evident on a global scale, except for at mid-l...     

罗布泊核试验区自然环境变化的地球卫星观测分析

运用地球卫星观测手段及遥感信息提取技术及区域调查研究成果,首次对中国罗布泊核试验区进行全面分析及初步综合评价,揭示了鲜为人知的核爆炸效应及地质环境响应事件,对人类极端作用与重大工程环境及胁迫影响过程有了清晰实际的第一性材料,通过宏观清理和典型筛选对试验区自然环境要素变化进行逐项材料挖掘及客观评价,为国家安全利用核能与综合评估核环境及机动发展核战略提供科学基础数据。     

中国中世纪暖期温度的时空变化特征

采用全球海气耦合模式ECHO-G的1000个模式年的长积分气候模拟方法分析了中国中世纪暖期温度的存在性与时空变化特征.结果表明：中国的中世纪暖期出现在公元1000—1250年间,但它不是一个持续稳定的暖期,而是存在峰谷起伏变化,其中最暖的30年（中世纪暖期鼎盛期）出现在1131—1160年.中世纪暖期中国的年平均和冬、夏季平均温度距平变幅西部最大,东部最小.其鼎盛期中国的温度距平相对于千年温度都是正值,中国东部的增温幅度由南向北逐渐加大,变幅为0.4℃—0.8℃,而中国西部的增温呈Ω型分布,且随着海拔高度的增加,增温幅度逐渐加大,最大增温达2.0℃—2.2℃.     

中古汉文佛典中的副词“毕竟”

副词“毕竟”在东汉至隋的汉文佛典中主要有表时间和语气两种用法;“毕竟”在演变为副词过程中受到副词“竞”语义的影响和“终竞”等同义聚合句法位置类推机制的共同作用;表语气的“毕竟”是通过表时间的“毕竟”经由语义的重新调整,由命题功能转化为表现功能而来;在同期的本土文献中没有发现“毕竟”的副词用法。     

The Dynamic Analysis of Natural Environment Change of the Nuclear Test Field in Lop Nur Region of China

Using earth satellite observation means, remote sensing information distilled technique and regional research production, we have roundly analyzed and made an integrated evaluation about the Lop Nur nuclear test field in western China. This product reveals the rarely-known nuke explosion effect and response events of geology conditions. It also offers us legible and practical first-hand materials about human extreme effects, important engineering environment and intimidating influence process. By excavating and appraising the materials gradually on the natural environment factors changing in the test field through macroscopic elimination and typical filtration, it can supply basic scientific data for security of national nuclear usage, appraising the nuclear environment synthetically and developing nuclear strategy expediently.     

A preliminary study of chronology for a newly-discovered ancient city and five archaeological sites in Lop Nor,China

In the past century, it has long been debated in the archeological, historical, geographical, and many other related communities where the capital of the Luolan and Shanshan states was in the Lop Nor region. This paper presents three AMS radiocarbon ages from a newly-discovered ancient city at about 6.3 km to the northwest of the Xiaohe Graveyard, and fifteen new radiocarbon ages from the Loulan (LA), LE, Qieerqiduke, Milan, and Tuyin sites in Lop Nor. The new investigation shows that the age of newly-disco...     

气候变迁与长江流域古文化的奠基

在漫长的地质时代,地球气候变迁是以温暖时期与寒冷时期交替出现、冰期与间冰期多次旋回为其基本特点．认为气候的冷暖交替、巨大变迁直接影响着生物世界的演变和人类及其文化发展,揭示长江流域在这种气候多变而严酷的时期,却闪烁着“人类起源的光芒”,形成了一条神秘的“人类演化时光隧道”．论述了全新世是一个干载难逢的气候适宜期,人类迈人了一个崭新的发展时代,长江流域的社会经济得到了大发展,古文化得以蓬勃兴起,产生了丰富多彩、灿烂辉煌的史前文化,其中尤以稻作文化最为突出．     

气候变化对动物健康养殖和生产力的影响

简述了气候变化特点与动物的体热调节,介绍了气象因素对动物健康养殖和生产力的影响,并提出了相应的对策。     

浙江旧石器时代考古学：基础、问题和方向

考古发掘材料表明,旧石器时代中晚期,古人类就一直生活、劳动在浙江境内,并留下了许多珍贵的化石和文化遗迹,翻开了浙江历史光辉篇章的第一页.回顾浙江旧石器时代考古的历程,并对一些重要发现或问题作一评估,可为今后深入研究浙江人类早期发展史提供比较切实的帮助.     

民国北京政府时期湖南慈善救济的“四不足”

民国北京政府时期湖南慈善救济事业成绩突出,在湖南慈善发展史上地位重要,但由于受到多方面因素的制约,还存在明显不足。比如,灾荒救济缺乏长远规划,时常疲于应付;没有形成稳定的慈善救济专业人才队伍;现代慈善意识和理念缺乏,传统因果报应思想浓厚;灾赈机制运转效率低下,慈善救济效能大受影响。     

Sea surface temperature records of core ZY2 from the central mud area in the South Yellow Sea during last 6200 years and related effect of the Yellow Sea Warm Current

Sea surface temperature (SST) records in the South Yellow Sea during the last 6200 years are reconstructed by the unsaturation index of long-chain alkenones (K 37 U ’) in sediment core ZY2 from the central mud area.The SST records varied between 14.1 and 16.5°C (15.6°C on average),with 3 phases:(1) A high SST phase at 6.2-5.9 cal ka BP;(2) A low and intensely fluctuating SST phase at 5.9-2.3 cal ka BP;and (3) A high and stable SST phase since 2.3 cal ka BP.Variation of the SST records is similar to intensity of the Kuroshio Current (KC),and corresponds well in time to global cold climate events.However,the amplitude of the SST response to cooling events was significantly different in different phases.The SST response to global cooling event was weak while the KC was strong;and the SST response was strong while the KC was weak.The difference in amplitude of the SST response is possibly caused by the modulation effect of the Yellow Sea Warm Current which acts as a shelf branch of the KC and a compensating current induced by the East Asia winter monsoon.The warm waters brought by the Yellow Sea Warm Current cushion the SST decrease induced by climate cooling,and both the Kuroshio and East Asian winter monsoon play important roles in the modulation mechanism.The SST records display a periodicity of 1482 years.The same period was found in the KC records,indicating that variation of the SST records in the central South Yellow Sea is strongly affected by KC intensity.The same period was also found in Greenland ice cores and North Atlantic and Arabian Sea sediment cores,showing a regional response of marine environmental variability in the East China Seas to that in the global oceans.     

Spatial variability and representation of seabed sediment grain sizes： An example from the Zhoushan-Jinshanwei transect, Hangzhou Bay,China

Grain size analysis was undertaken for the 2-cm interval sub-samples of eight short cores collected along the Zhoushan-Jinshanwei transect in Hangzhou Bay, using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 laser particle size analyzer. The result indicates that there are different vertical distribution patterns of mean grain size for the short cores. In the study area, the thickness of the seabed moving layer on an annual temporal scale is much larger than that of the deposited layer,i.e. the sedimentary environment is highly dynamic. As a result, the vertical distributions of mean grain size within the short cores represent different types of sedimentary records formed in the same environment, rather than signals of long-term environmental evolution. The seabed sediment consists mainly of silts in the study area, and the vertically-averaged value of mean grain size has a tendency of convergence when the thickness over which the mean value is derived increases. Such patterns indicate that the grain size composition of the deposit is controlled mainly by the source of material supply; nevertheless, to some degree hydraulic sorting is effective, which has resulted in the differences in distribution patterns along the transect between the grainsize values of the surficial sediment and the vertically-averaged values. For long-term sediment transport modeling for an environment associated with strong tidal action and silty sediment, it may be more appropriate to use the vertically-averaged grain size than the value for thesurficial sediment, as the model input.     

民国时期推进汉藏佛教界文化交流的政策因素

从民国初年开始,随着汉地佛教的复兴,藏密在内地渐起,汉藏佛教界之间的文化交流也随之赓续。这不仅缘起于佛教界自身发展所承载的文化交流使命,而且与宗教文化所赖以存在和交往的政治情势息息相关。这一时期汉藏佛教界作为西藏与内地文化交流的主体是其社会地位和政策空间共同演进的历史结果,彼此间文化交流的发展是其间政治背景与宗教文化自身因素相作用的重要体现。     

新疆地壳的化学成分

根据新疆地区的地理学、地质学、地球物理学和地球化学调查资料,详细研究了新疆地区的大陆地壳模型。新疆地区有五个大地构造单元,它们是阿尔泰褶皱系、准噶尔褶皱系、天山褶皱系,塔里木地台和西昆仑褶皱系。在地壳模型和岩石化学资料基础上,计算和研究了新疆地壳的平均化学成分和主要元素丰度。     

广东冬末春初冷暖变化时空分布特征及类型

利用主分量分析方法对广东省1954-2000年1～3月气温进行统计分析，计算该时期气温场时空分布特征及分布的主要类型，同时对典型冷暖年份分析了500hPa环流形势特征。结果表明：①广东1-3月气温分布从东南向西北减低；②有4种分布类型：即全省型，南北型，相间型，西、西南和其它地区型；③全省性特暖年数量变化趋势为：20世纪50年代没有特暖年，以后随年代增加，到90年代特暖年明显增多；两个典型全省性冷暖年的亚洲月平均500hPa西风环流指数有明显差异.     

西南喀斯特地区近45年来气候变化特征及趋势

基于黔、桂、滇3省（区）72个气象站点45年（1960—2004年）逐月平均气温和降水量数据,借助小波分析、人工神经网络及GIS空间分析等方法研究了我国西南喀斯特生态脆弱区近45年来在全球气候变暖的背景下,气候变化的特征和总体趋势。研究结果显示：该区气候变化具有明显的周期性特征,其中气温变化的主周期约为7年,降水量变化的主周期约为25年。该区气候变化的季节性特征和区域差异也比较明显,通过计算过去45年中四季气温和降水量的变化率并对其进行GIS空间插值分析,得到了四季气温和降水量变化的区域分异状况;通过SOFM网络分别选取分类指标对研究区近45年来气温和降水量变化的状况进行聚类分析并对聚类结果进行GIS空间插值分析,划分了研究区气温和降水量变化的类型区域。RBFN模型预测的结果得出,该区2005—2010年气温和降水量的变化均处于相对低值期。     

Characteristics of paleoflood deposits archived in unit T0403 of Yuxi Site in the Three Gorges reservoir areas,China

Based on the detailed analyses,multi-proxies such as AMS 14 C dating,grain size,component and morphology of heavy minerals,micromorphology of zircon,magnetic susceptibility,Rb/Sr and Hg content are used to research the paleoflood sediments archived in the Yuxi Site.The research indicates that, since 7.6 kaBP,at least 16 times of paleoflood with water level above Wusong Elevation 147.024 m(a.s.l.) left deposits in the Neolithic layers of unit T0403 from the Yuxi Site.The results are induced from the following aspects:(1)The plaeoflood sediments take on great similarities with modern flood sediments in the Yuxi Site and Zhongba Site in probability cumulative curves which mainly show a pattern of 3 segments in fluvial pattern.(2)There is some resemblance between the heavy mineral components and the zircon shape characteristics of paleoflood deposits and those of modern flood deposits.(3) Magnetic susceptibility values(40.44―70.10SI)are lower than those of sediments from cultural layers (59.59―188.68SI).(4)Hg values(290.71―742.51 ng/g)are lower than those of sediments from cultural layers(344.16―10518.17 ng/g).(5)Rb/Sr values are higher than those of sediments from cultural layers, while those of the 4th,5th,6th,7th,8th cultural layers are high,which shows that they are inundated by paleoflood.The reason for many flood deposits existing is related to the site situated on the first terrace where the Yuxi River joins with the Yangtze River.As there are some similarities between the plaeoflood sediments and those of the Zhongba Site,it is feasible to confirm the existence of paleoflood sediments based on the above points.