神经营养因子在肌肉运动中的功能及可能作用

神经营养因子是在神经系统中广泛存在并对神经细胞具有营养和支持功能的物质,在肌肉组织中也发现存在着多种神经营养因子,其对神经肌肉的生理功能也被不断地证实.对主要的肌源性神经营养因子在肌肉中的功能作了综述,并分析了其在运动过程中可能的作用.     

全脑短暂性缺血后大鼠海马组织神经营养因子的时序性表达

探讨大鼠脑短暂性缺血后内源性神经营养因子NGF、BDNF和NT-3在海马组织中的变化规律,为神经损伤的修复治疗提供参考数据。本研究采用夹闭双侧颈总动脉的方法制作TGI大鼠模型,将大鼠随机分为术后3、7、14、21d以及假手术组5组,采用RT-PCR法检测大鼠海马组织中NGF、BDNF和NT-3mRNA表达水平的变化。研究结果表明3种神经营养因子在全脑短暂性缺血海马组织中出现表达下降趋势,其中以NGF mRNA的表达量下降最为显著(P<0.01)且具有快速恢复趋势,到损伤后21dNGF已上升至伤后3d水平。结果显示,这种变化规律提示短暂性脑缺血后3种神经营养因子表达水平的下降加剧了缺血再灌注对神经元的损害,其中NGF可能是脑缺血后发挥神经损伤修复的主要因子,有助于神经损伤的修复作用。     

海马BDNF和iNOS与慢性应激性抑郁的关系

建立慢性不可预见性抑郁动物模型,采用液体消耗实验(fluid consumption test,FCT)、敞箱实验(Open field test,OFT)和强迫游泳(Forced swimming test,FST)等方法进行行为学测试,并用免疫组织化学的方法检测海马BDNF和iNOS的表达,运用腹腔注射药物的方法探索BDNF和iNOS的作用与关系.探讨了海马脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)在慢性应激诱导的抑郁症中的关系,及抑郁症的发病机制.与对照组相比,慢性不可预见性应激(Chronic unpredicted mild stress,CUMS)组大鼠的行为学表现能力下降,BDNF表达下降(n=8,P0.01),iNOS的表达升高(n=8,P0.01);阻断内源性BDNF大鼠的行为学表现能力也下降,iNOS的表达升高(n=7,P0.01);而海马微量注射iNOS的抑制剂SMT均可反转CUMS和BDNF抑制剂所导致的行为学表现能力下降的现象.慢性不可预见性应激引起海马BDNF表达下降,NO过高而导致抑郁.BDNF对神经元具有保护作用,BDNF的抗抑郁作用可能是通过抑制iNOS的表达而起作用的.提示BDNF等神经保护因子通过抑制iNOS的过量表达而保护脑组织可能是治疗抑郁症的一个重要途径.     

国际新闻

蛋白质可延长啮齿类动物记忆力阿根廷布宜诺斯艾利斯大学和巴西南大河州天主教主教大学的科学家,在对老鼠投喂了超剂量的蛋白质脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)后发现,老鼠记忆在大脑中的持续过程从7倍提高到10倍,也就是说,蛋白质可以决定记忆在大脑中持续时间的长短。巴西南大河州天主教主教大学马丁·卡玛罗达认为,蛋白质BDNF对大脑特定区域中的记忆支撑是关键性的。在试验中发现,这种蛋白质对事前经过药品处理、在特定区域消除所有蛋白质产生的老鼠的失忆过程有一种逆转作用。     

BDNF参与保护葡萄糖饥饿引起的微血管内皮细胞凋亡

目的:探讨脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)是否参与葡萄糖缺乏状态下微血管内皮细胞的保护。方法:使用小鼠脑微血管内皮细胞bEnd.3细胞株构建葡萄糖饥饿模型，分别使用BDNF的siRNA及BDNF-TrkB通路阻断剂对经建模的微血管内皮细胞进行处理，使用流式细胞技术检测细胞凋亡，使用Western blot和qRT-PCR分别对BDNF及其他调控基因的表达进行研究。结果:葡萄糖饥饿会导致微血管内皮细胞凋亡，晚期凋亡水平随着缺糖时间增加而升高，且微血管内皮细胞BDNF表达量上调。在葡萄糖饥饿状态下，使用BDNF受体TrkB的抑制剂K252a阻断BDNF-TrkB通路能增加微血管内皮细胞的早期凋亡；抑制BDNF表达使微血管内皮细胞的凋亡升高。结论:BDNF参与保护葡萄糖饥饿引起的微血管内皮细胞凋亡，并参与非葡萄糖饥饿和葡萄糖饥饿状态下糖酵解关键调控基因PFKM表达水平的维持，从而在维持血管内皮细胞的存活及通过糖酵解供能中发挥重要的调控作用。     

色素上皮衍生因子在视网膜疾病中的应用研究进展

色素上皮衍生因子(pigment epithelium-derived factor, PEDF)是一种多效的神经营养因子和新生血管抑制因子,其在视网膜的生长发育及许多疾病病理过程中起着神经分化、神经营养、神经保护和抑制新生血管形成等作用,并可抗肿瘤和调控一些炎症反应.本文主要是综述目前对PEDF的生物学特点、作用及其在视网膜疾病中的应用研究状况,并推测其可能作用机制,展望其在视网膜疾病的临床治疗中的应用前景.     

神经营养素的生物学作用及临床应用前景

神经营养素是一类神经营养因子，目前已被用于神经萎缩、神经变性、外伤修复等疾病的治疗中．它的研究极大地推动了神经生物学和细胞生物学的发展，本文拟就神经营养素的生物学作用及临床应用前景作一简要的介绍．     

丹参酮ⅡA通过改善线粒体功能和氧化应激减轻大鼠认知障碍

通过建立双侧颈总动脉结扎(BCCAO)大鼠模型和H2O2诱导的原代星形胶质细胞的氧化损伤模型,探究丹参酮ⅡA(TSA)的神经保护作用和机制.TSA逆转了BCCAO诱导的大鼠认知障碍和神经元丢失,增加了皮层和海马中脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)的表达.TSA抑制了细胞活力的降低和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的释放.其次,TSA减...     

枳菊解郁汤对抑郁模型小鼠学习记忆能力及海马和前脑皮层BDNF表达的影响

探讨枳菊解郁汤对慢性应激抑郁模型小鼠的影响.方法:通过旷场实验、Morris水迷宫实验,检测各组小鼠行为和学习记忆能力的变化;采用免疫组织化学方法检测脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)在海马和前脑皮层的表达.结果:与模型组小鼠相比,枳菊解郁汤中剂量和高剂量组小鼠在新异环境下的自发活动和探究行为明显增加(P0.05,P0.05);空间学习记忆能力明显增强(P0.05);BDNF在海马的CA1、CA3和DG区及前脑皮层的表达明显增加(P0.05).结论:枳菊解郁汤的抗抑郁作用可能与海马和前脑皮层BDNF表达的上调有关.     

色素上皮源性因子——一种新的神经营养和保护因子

PEDF是最近发现的一种神经营养因子，在许多组织均由表达。它具有强大的营养和保护神经作用。已有研究显示其作用机制主要涉及N-端结构域，改变细胞内钙离子，影响其它因子和胶质细胞而发挥作用等等。它对于神经疾病的治疗可能具有很大的潜力。     

BDNF controls dopamine D3 receptor expression and triggers behavioural sensitization

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), like other neurotrophins, is a polypeptidic factor initially regarded to be responsible for neuron proliferation, differentiation and survival, through its uptake at nerve terminals and retrograde transport to the cell body. A more diverse role for BDNF has emerged progressively from observations showing that it is also transported anterogradely, is released on neuron depolarization, and triggers rapid intracellular signals and action potentials in central neurons. Here we report that BDNF elicits long-term neuronal adaptations by controlling the responsiveness of its target neurons to the important neurotransmitter, dopamine. Using lesions and gene-targeted mice lacking BDNF, we show that BDNF from dopamine neurons is responsible for inducing normal expression of the dopamine D3 receptor in nucleus accumbens both during development and in adulthood. BDNF from corticostriatal neurons also induces behavioural sensitization, by triggering overexpression of the D3 receptor in striatum of hemiparkinsonian rats. Our results suggest that BDNF may be an important determinant of pathophysiological conditions such as drug addiction, schizophrenia or Parkinson's disease, in which D3 receptor expression is abnormal.     

BDNF is a neurotrophic factor for dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), present in minute amounts in the adult central nervous system, is a member of the nerve growth factor (NGF) family, which includes neurotrophin-3 (NT-3). NGF, BDNF and NT-3 all support survival of subpopulations of neural crest-derived sensory neurons; most sympathetic neurons are responsive to NGF, but not to BDNF; NT-3 and BDNF, but not NGF, promote survival of sensory neurons of the nodose ganglion. BDNF, but not NGF, supports the survival of cultured retinal ganglion cells but both NGF and BDNF promote the survival of septal cholinergic neurons in vitro. However, knowledge of their precise physiological role in development and maintenance of the nervous system neurons is still limited. The BDNF gene is expressed in many regions of the adult CNS, including the striatum. A protein partially purified from bovine striatum, a target of nigral dopaminergic neurons, with characteristics apparently similar to those of BDNF, can enhance the survival of dopaminergic neurons in mesencephalic cultures. BDNF seems to be a trophic factor for mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons, increasing their survival, including that of neuronal cells which degenerate in Parkinson's disease. Here we report the effects of BDNF on the survival of dopaminergic neurons of the developing substantia nigra.     

Identification and characterization of a novel member of the nerve growth factor/brain-derived neurotrophic factor family

The survival and functional maintenance of vertebrate neurons critically depends on the availability of specific neurotrophic factors. So far, only two such factors, nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) have been characterized and shown to have the typical features of secretory proteins. This characterization has been possible because of the extraordinarily large quantities of NGF in some adult tissues, and the virtually unlimited availability of brain tissue from which BDNF was isolated. Both NGF and BDNF promote the survival of distinct neuronal populations in vivo and are related in their primary structure, suggesting that they are members of a gene family. Although there is little doubt about the existence of other such proteins, their low abundance has rendered their identification and characterization difficult. Taking advantage of sequence identities between NGF and BDNF, we have now identified a third member of this family, which we name neurotrophin-3. Both the tissue distribution of the messenger RNA and the neuronal specificity of this secretory protein differ from those of NGF and BDNF. Alignment of the sequences of the three proteins reveals a remarkable number of amino acid identities, including all cysteine residues. This alignment also delineates four variable domains, each of 7-11 amino acids, indicating structural elements presumably involved in the neuronal specificity of these proteins.     

慢性应激对小鼠空间学习记忆功能及海马和前额叶皮层BDNF表达的影响

采用多因素慢性应激动物模型,通过Morris水迷宫测试小鼠空间学习记忆能力;采用免疫组织化学方法检测脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）在海马和前额叶皮层的表达．结果显示,与对照组相比,应激组小鼠的空间学习记忆能力明显下降（P〈0．01）;应激组小鼠海马CA1区、齿状回和前额叶皮层BDNF表达明显下降（P〈0．01）;停止应激后一周,应激组小鼠BDNF在各脑区的表达有一定恢复,但与对照组相比,仍有显著性差异（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）．结果表明,慢性应激导致小鼠空间学习记忆功能的损伤可能与BDNF表达的下调密切相关．     

Activin is a nerve cell survival molecule

The structures of five neurotrophic molecules have so far been published. Nerve growth factor, fibroblast growth factor and purpurin, have been identified as nerve-cell survival molecules. More recently, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and ciliary neurotrophic factor have been cloned and sequenced. As all these proteins stimulate the survival of ciliary or sensory neurons, a new cell survival assay is required if novel neurotrophic molecules are to be discovered. P19 teratoma cells differentiate to nerve-like cells in the presence of 5 x 10(-7) M retinoic acid (RA). But when P19 cells are plated in N2 synthetic medium without being exposed to RA, they die within 48 h. In an attempt to identify a molecule(s) that can substitute for RA in promoting P19 survival, we assayed serum-free growth-conditioned media for their ability to promote P19 survival. One cell line from the rat eye secreted a molecule that promoted the survival of P19 cells and some types of nerve cell. We identified this molecule as activin, better known for its role in hormone secretion.     

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor rescues spinal motor neurons from axotomy-induced cell death.

Current ideas about the dependence of neurons on target-derived growth factors were formulated on the basis of experiments involving neurons with projections to the periphery. Nerve growth factor (NGF) and recently identified members of the NGF family of neuronal growth factors, known as neurotrophins, are thought to regulate survival of sympathetic and certain populations of sensory ganglion cells during development. Far less is known about factors that regulate the survival of spinal and cranial motor neurons, which also project to peripheral targets. NGF has not been shown to influence motor neuron survival, and whether the newly identified neurotrophins promote motor neuron survival is unknown. We show here that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is retrogradely transported by motor neurons in neonatal rats and that local application of BDNF to transected sciatic nerve prevents the massive death of motor neurons that normally follows axotomy in the neonatal period. These results show that BDNF has survival-promoting effects on motor neurons in vivo and suggest that BDNF may influence motor neuron survival during development.     

Functional regeneration of sensory axons into the adult spinal cord

The arrest of dorsal root axonal regeneration at the transitional zone between the peripheral and central nervous system has been repeatedly described since the early twentieth century. Here we show that, with trophic support to damaged sensory axons, this regenerative barrier is surmountable. In adult rats with injured dorsal roots, treatment with nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-3 (NT3) and glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), but not brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), resulted in selective regrowth of damaged axons across the dorsal root entry zone and into the spinal cord. Dorsal horn neurons were found to be synaptically driven by peripheral nerve stimulation in rats treated with NGF, NT3 and GDNF, demonstrating functional reconnection. In behavioural studies, rats treated with NGF and GDNF recovered sensitivity to noxious heat and pressure. The observed effects of neurotrophic factors corresponded to their known actions on distinct subpopulations of sensory neurons. Neurotrophic factor treatment may thus serve as a viable treatment in promoting recovery from root avulsion injuries. I     

Essential role of TRPC channels in the guidance of nerve growth cones by brain-derived neurotrophic factor

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is known to promote neuronal survival and differentiation and to guide axon extension both in vitro and in vivo. The BDNF-induced chemo-attraction of axonal growth cones requires Ca2+ signalling, but how Ca2+ is regulated by BDNF at the growth cone remains largely unclear. Extracellular application of BDNF triggers membrane currents resembling those through TRPC (transient receptor potential canonical) channels in rat pontine neurons and in Xenopus spinal neurons. Here, we report that in cultured cerebellar granule cells, TRPC channels contribute to the BDNF-induced elevation of Ca2+ at the growth cone and are required for BDNF-induced chemo-attractive turning. Several members of the TRPC family are highly expressed in these neurons, and both Ca2+ elevation and growth-cone turning induced by BDNF are abolished by pharmacological inhibition of TRPC channels, overexpression of a dominant-negative form of TRPC3 or TRPC6, or downregulation of TRPC3 expression via short interfering RNA. Thus, TRPC channel activity is essential for nerve-growth-cone guidance by BDNF.