科技奥运建设不同阶段带动产业发展分析

北京在申奥中第一次明确提出"科技奥运"的理念,作为2008北京奥运会的三大理念之一,科技奥运是举办"有特色、高水平"奥运会的保障,同时也是促进我国相关产业发展的巨大动力.本文从科技奥运建设的实践出发,根据重点工作内容的不同对科技奥运建设进行了阶段划分,并深入分析了科技奥运建设不同阶段带动相关产业发展的机制,为大型活动筹办促进产业发展提供借鉴.     

坚持科技发展正确理念实现科技自主自立自强

"十四五"时期及未来十五年,我国科技发展的战略已经明确,即"坚持创新在我国现代化建设全局中的核心地位,把科技自立自强作为国家发展的战略支撑".全面坚持新的科技发展战略,大力促进科技进步和经济社会发展的科技创新生产力,是从容应对百年未有之大变局的根本之策.建设科技强国,实现科技自主自立自强,需要以辩证统一的思维方式,树立...     

洞见科技发展与竞争态势服务科技创新高质量发展

新一轮科技革命和产业变革深入发展,新冠肺炎世纪疫情叠加,加速科技创新步伐并加剧了竞争.全球科技呈现出突破性快速发展态势,国际科技创新环境与竞争格局加速调整,我国科技整体实力也迈向系统性提升新阶段.同时,我国正迈入高质量发展新阶段,科技自立自强成为国家发展的战略支撑,现代化建设对科技创新提出五大战略需求,即科技强国目标需...     

海峡两岸科技发展体系架构对比研究

本文通过海峡两岸科技发展体系架构的对比分析，揭示出台湾在IT领域内的领先优势得益于应用科技研究方面的优势，即通过以工研院为核心的科技研究及产业情报体系、通过多种性质研究机构并存在的方式，促进民间资金投入，推动技术的产业化。     

略论科技传媒

科技传媒在科学技术与公众之间起着媒介和联系纽带的作用。现代科学诉迅速发展要求科技传媒人员掌握科技发展的动态，并且有科学上的鉴别能力。作者也对科技传媒界提出了一些建议。     

美国科技发展模式特征及对中国的启示

科技发展模式是对国家科技发展的高度概括与总结，选择合理的科技发展模式是实现国家整体发展战略的重要组成部分。本文深入剖析了美国科技发展模式的基本特点及形成条件，为我国制定21世纪的中长期科技发展战略提供了一些的意见与建议。     

西藏自治区科技发展研究

本文分析了西藏自治区在新形势下的科技发展的规划，应用统计方法对科技各个方面的可持续发展问题进行了评价研究。     

国际科技合作新趋势对中国科技发展的挑战及其对策

随着国际科技合作新趋势的不断发展，其对我国政府的作用、国家科技体制和科研环境、国家科学研究、产业研发、国家安全、知识产权建设等提出了严峻的挑战。面对挑战，我们应该积极调整政府在国际科技合作中的作用；深化科研体制改革，全面推进科技体制创新；形成有层次的国际合作交流体系；积极调整企业国际科技合作；加强国家的安全建设和高度重视知识产权建设。     

突出原创理论方法创新 加快科技自立自强步伐

我国要加快实现高水平科技自立自强，最紧迫的科技需求主要包括四大方面：科技创新要推动制造业走向高端化、智能化、绿色化；促进乡村振兴，实现种业自主权，农业数字化转型，绿美乡村产业高质量发展；持续优化科技创新体系布局；推进高水平对外开放。然而，我国科技原创能力尚在基础研究、关键核心技术成果、大学与创新型企业、人才集聚、科技评价等五个方面存在显著不足。亟需重点抓好提升科技原创能力的五大路径：实施好基础研究十年规划，提高原创供给能力和关键核心技术突破能力，在国际科技创新活动中提升主导和引领能力，持续塑造有利于高水平科学研究的良好科技评价体系，夯实人才安全基础。     

印度科技政策与科技发展--兼对中印国家创新能力比较

印度科技政策对推动印度科技进步起着重要的促进作用,1958年“科学政策决议”奠定了基本原则,“2003年科学技术政策”明确了印度科技政策目标,还制订了科技战略行动计划。印度科技发展具有科技体制较为完善、科技投入不断增加、科研经费重国防轻民用、科技著作多、专利获得少、科技人才素质高、高科技异军突起等特点。与中国相比,印度国家创新能力评价更高。本文阐述了印度科技政策演变过程,分析了印度科技发展特征,论述了印度十五计划科技发展战略重点,并比较了中印国家创新能力。     

Crustal layering, simplicity, and the oil industry: The alteration of an epistemic paradigm by a commercial environment

This paper proposes that the gradual alteration of the predominant epistemic paradigm in crustal seismology in the interwar period—namely, simplicity—came about because of the strong influence of a particular commercial environment, i.e. the oil industry. I begin by demonstrating the interwar predominance of Jeffreys’ ‘simplicity postulate’ and his probabilistic epistemology, highlighting the espousal by several seismologists (Bullen, Stoneley, Byerly), whose crustal models drew on mathematical idealisations. Next, I demonstrate that the renunciation of simplicity in the 1930s came about too quickly, and, above all, too heterodoxically to have been the result of new geological evidence. Rather, I argue, the paradigm shift among seismologists was a result of the significant rise in seismic exploration generated by the oil industry. Driven by market demands, American petroleum companies pioneered new technologies, organised research initiatives, and trained young geophysicists who, through the fusion of experimentalism and field experience, brought about fundamental progress in earthquake seismology. Remarkably, historians of science have almost entirely failed to recognise the interwar primacy of the simplicity paradigm as well as its subsequent renunciation. More importantly, they have failed to acknowledge the role the oil industry played in contributing to this renunciation and to the development of new paradigms in seismology.     

Deficits in social behavior in autism and their modification by a synthetic adrenocorticotrophic hormone (4-9) analog.

When charting the structure of the social behavior of autistic children by means of an ethologically analyzed playroom session, deficits appeared in the reciprocity of eye-contact and in the location of verbal initiatives. These deficits in social behavior were beneficially influenced by treatment with the adrenocorticotrophic hormone (4-9) analog ORG 2766.     

Deficits in social behavior in autism and their modification by a synthetic adrenocorticotrophic hormone (4–9) analog

When charting the structure of the social behavior of autistic children by means of an ethologically analyzed playroom session, deficits appeared in the reciprocity of eye-contact and in the location of verbal initiatives. These deficits in social behavior were beneficially influenced by treatment with the adrenocorticotrophic hormone (4–9) analog ORG 2766.     

Scientific Instruments for Education in Early Twentieth-Century Spain

1898 marked a crucial point in the end of the nineteenth-century Spanish crisis. The military defeat ending the Spanish-American War was seen as proof that the country was in terminal decline. With the ideals of regeneration spreading throughout Spanish society, the State became more interested in supporting and sponsoring science and technology, as well as in creating a modern educational system. The resulting reforms reflected this strong interest in scientific education, and consequently, the first decades of the twentieth century saw a turning point in the development of science and technology in Spain. Some recent papers have discussed various initiatives taken by Spanish governments, particularly in the creation of new official institutions. Such institutions played an important role in the development of science and technology, but their activity in the promotion of scientific education was very limited. However, other governmental initiatives were taken in order to develop this area, particularly focusing on the acquisition of scientific instruments. Scientific instruments were needed not only to improve Spanish scientific research but also to improve the teaching of experimental sciences. These instruments were specifically adapted for use by students. This paper aims to present some of the lesser-known individuals and firms who, in the new social and cultural context, provided scientific instruments for educational centres in order to meet the increasing demand for this material in Spanish educational institutions during these years.     

Scientists and their cultural heritage: Knowledge,politics and ambivalent relationships

For many years, scientific heritage has received attention from multiple actors from different spheres of activity—archives, museums, scientific institutions. Beyond the heterogeneity revealed when examining the place of scientific heritage in different places, an authentic patrimonial configuration emerges and takes the form of a nebula of claims and of accomplishments that result, in some cases, in institutional and political recognition at the national level, in various country all around the world. At the international level, the creation of the international committee dedicated to University Museums and Collections (UMAC) within the International Council of Museums (ICOM) certainly testified from this raising interest in academic heritage and the existence of a specific community concern with it.This article presents numerous initiatives for the preservation of scientific heritage in France, with the goal of analysing the relationship scientists have with their heritage. We argue that scientific communities have a special relationship with heritage, which is characterized by a number of ambiguities. We show that such ambivalences allow analysis of identity, discipline, professional, and social issues operative in defining heritage and being redefined by heritage. To explore these dimensions, we have chosen to present three different case studies. The first traces the institutional uses of heritage by a scientific institution, the Commissariat à l’énergie atomique (CEA), through the transformation of the first French atomic reactor (ZOE) into a museum. The second example describes the initiatives of French astronomers from the mid-1990s to construct a national programme for the protection of astronomy heritage. Lastly, we recount the case of universities, with the example of the Université de Strasbourg.     

Scientific heritage: Reflections on its nature and new approaches to preservation,study and access

Scientific heritage can be found in every teaching and research institution, large or small, from universities to museums, from hospitals to secondary schools, from scientific societies to research laboratories. It is generally dispersed and vulnerable. Typically, these institutions lack the awareness, internal procedures, policies, or qualified staff to provide for its selection, preservation, and accessibility. Moreover, legislation that protects cultural heritage does not generally apply to the heritage of science. In this paper we analyse the main problems that make scientific heritage preservation so difficult to address. We discuss the concept and present existing preservation tools, including recent surveys, legislation, policies, and innovative institutional approaches. We briefly analyse two recent initiatives for the preservation of scientific heritage, at the Universities of Lisbon and Cambridge.     

Influence of diet on plasma tryptophan and brain serotonin levels in mice

Summary Groups of mice were maintained for up to 78 weeks on tryptophan restricted, protein restricted and control diets. Plasma tryptophan levels were significantly reduced by both forms of dietary restriction. Brain serotonin levels were significantly reduced only in mice on the tryptophan restricted diet, but not for mice on the protein restricted diet. The protein-restricted diet contains less of the large neutral amino acids which compete with tryptophan to enter the brain. It is known that protein restriction and tryptophan restriction extend lifespan. The results presented here suggest that extension of lifespan and lowering of brain serotonin are not related.     

Major contribution of codominant CD8 and CD4 T cell epitopes to the human cytomegalovirus-specific T cell repertoire

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection or reactivation is a cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals. In immunocompetent individuals, in contrast, HCMV is successfully controlled by specific CD8 and CD4 T cells. Knowledge of CD8 and CD4 T cell epitopes from HCMV and their immunodominant features is crucial for the generation of epitope-specific T cells for adoptive immunotherapy and for the development of a peptide-based HCMV vaccine. Therefore, we investigated the natural frequencies of a large number of CD8 and CD4 T cell epitopes, including 10 novel ones. We determined several epitopes as immunodominant. Surprisingly, no clear hierarchies were found for CD8 T cell epitopes, indicating codominance. These results will be valuable for adoptive transfer strategies and support initiatives towards development of a peptide-based HCMV vaccine.Received 12 August 2004; received after revision 24 September 2004; accepted 29 October 2004 These authors contributed equally to this work.     

Serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations in individual hypothalamic nuclei and other brain areas of rat

Summary Serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were measured in individual nuclei of rat hypothalamus and other brain areas using HPLC with electrochemical detection. 5-HIAA levels were first demonstrated in hypothalamic and some discrete brain areas. The 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio was highest in the n. caudatus putamen, high in the n. ventromedialis and lowest in the n. suprachiasmaticus.     

Hypothalamic tyrosine hydroxylase activity,plasma gonadotropin and prolactin levels after aminooxyacetic acid in ovariectomized rats

Summary Plasma concentrations of gonadotropin, prolactin and hypothalamic tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity were measured in ovariectomized rats treated with aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA), a drug which elevates brain GABA levels. Hypothalamic TH activity was significantly increased with a significant decrease in prolactin (Prl) release. Plasma levels of gonadotropins were not modified by AOAA. These results support an inhibitory action of GABA on Prl release possibly mediated through hypothalamic dopamine.Supported by grants from Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi. RIA kits for the estimation of LH, FSH and Prl were kindly supplied by Dr A.F. Parlow, NIAMDD-NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. GNB is a UGC research fellow.