基于跟踪微分器的骨骼服阻抗控制方法

将阻抗控制方法引入骨骼服的控制中,利用人机之间安装的多维力/力矩传感器的测量信息来估计参考轨迹.针对由于普通差分方法引起噪声放大,使得参考速度和参考加速度不可用的问题,利用两级跟踪微分器获得包含测量噪声情况下的光滑的参考速度和参考加速度信号,从而实现所设计的阻抗控制.该方法能控制骨骼服跟随人体运动,同时保持人体对骨骼服的作用力最小,减轻人体的能量消耗.采用该方法对人体负荷情况下的蹲起动作进行仿真实验,仿真结果验证了所设计控制器的有效性和可行性,以及对人体刚度参数估计不准和负荷变化具有一定的鲁棒性.     

基于位置控制的多自由度机械臂非线性比例-微分阻抗控制

机器人柔顺控制可以响应环境变化,但接触信息的延迟以及未知机器人系统的跟踪误差等问题均导致接触瞬间力矩超调严重。针对上述问题本文提出一种基于自适应位置控制的改进阻抗控制策略,实现快速、精确的位置跟踪,同时,提高力控制的响应速度和精度。本策略采用双环控制,外环在传统阻抗模型基础上引入非线性接触力微分项在保持系统稳定性的同时提高机器人对接触力变化的响应,有效降低接触力超调;内环为自适应滑模控制,并使用RBF神经网络逼近机器人动力学模型并补偿系统中不确定性扰动,提高了系统的鲁棒性,提高收敛速度并降低跟随误差。通过仿真与实验,验证了所提出的改进阻抗控制方法相比于传统的阻抗控制方法有更好的力控响应速度和位置跟踪精度,可有效解决机器人与环境接触瞬间的接触力超调问题。     

无末端力传感器的可重构机械臂分散力控制

针对存在关节摩擦和外扰的可重构机械臂系统在受限空间内的力控制问题,提出一种无需使用力传感器即可同时控制受限空间内机械臂力和位置的分散阻抗内环/力外环控制方案.采用模糊系统逼近机械臂系统中的不确定项及子系统间的耦合关联项,通过基于模糊预测的力外环控制器为内环的阻抗控制器提供参考轨迹,并利用模糊系统逼近实际的接触力.该方案为没有力传感器情况下的可重构机械臂的力控制提供了一种可能的解决方案,且模糊预测调节参考轨迹的阻抗内环控制使机械臂具有一定的柔顺性,能较好地实现机械臂由自由空间向受限空间的过渡.通过对2自由度平面机械臂和3自由度机械臂的仿真验证了该方法的有效性.     

基于环境参数自适应估计的液压机器人力控制

针对液压驱动四足机器人在约束空间力控制特点,提出鲁棒位置内环阻抗外环的复合控制策略,推导电液伺服作动器的数学模型,建立作动器的误差模型,基于误差模型及其不确定界进行位置内环μ控制器设计,给出环境参数的自适应估计器.在半实物仿真平台上进行力跟踪实验,实验结果表明:位置内环幅值超调和相位滞后分别小于10%和0.02s,验证了鲁棒位置内环控制器的有效性;基于自适应估计方法获得的环境参数设计的轨迹发生器及阻抗力外环的综合运用实现了系统的高精度力跟踪控制,验证了所提控制策略的有效性.     

摆动气缸位置伺服系统带摩擦力矩补偿的双环控制研究

该文对三通比例流量阀控制的摆动气缸转角位置伺服系统进行研究。分析了由非线性摩擦力矩引起的系统稳态误差及粘滑振荡现象；在此基础上提出采用带摩擦力矩补偿的双环控制，其内环为压力差控制，外环为位置控制，外环采用了摩擦力矩观测补偿器来减小非线性摩擦力矩对系统性能的影响。实验结果表明：与仅有位置控制环的控制策略相比，该方法提高了系统的稳态精度和动态性能。     

飞行模拟器电动式操纵负荷系统控制策略

操纵系统的控制策略是力伺服系统加载的关键技术。以电动式力伺服系统为加载方式的飞行模拟器操纵负荷系统,采用上位机力闲环PID控制、电流环PI控制与多余力矩补偿相结合的策略实施控制。仿真结果显示：分别加入力闭环和电流环控制后,系统的超调量减小,跟随性能较好;采用角速度力矩补偿法,系统多余力矩下降了90％。实际控制效果进一步表明,双环与力矩补偿相结合的复合控制策略可有效减小系统多余力矩,控制稳态误差。该研究可为构造操纵飞行模拟器负荷系统样机提供理论依据。     

多模式驱动的机器人关节控制器设计及实验

建立了基于直流电机的系统模型,提出了基于PID的闭环反馈控制策略和基于时间或电流的切换控制方法.然后,借助Matlab/Simulink软件分别进行了位置控制、力矩控制及二者切换的仿真,并进行了关节驱动控制系统的软硬件设计.最后,通过实验对所提方法进行了验证与分析.仿真和实验结果表明:所设计的关节控制器,能够实现位置控制、力矩控制功能.在位置控制模式下,影响其响应速度的因素主要是驱动系统硬件.在力矩控制模式下,影响其响应速度的因素主要是PID参数,且当PID参数Kp,Ki,Kd分别为0.2,0.325,3.0时,系统具有较好的响应特性.位置控制与力矩控制2种模式间可基于时间和电流进行稳定的切换.该关节控制器能够应用于机器人关节驱动系统,实现关节的驱动与灵活的控制.     

手术制孔机器人研究进展

传统手术制孔是由医生操作辅助制孔装置,对医生的专业技能与经验积累有很高的要求,同时制孔精度与手术安全性不高.自动制孔技术可以保证手术制孔的安全与精度,缩短手术时间.骨骼制孔过程中,骨骼与钻头的连续摩擦会引起热积累,当温度超过临界值时会导致骨骼发生热坏死.如果钻头超过预设深度就会对骨头周围血管、肌肉及神经造成严重损伤.热积累控制和突破控制研究是保证手术制孔机器人安全操作的关键.研究表明,骨骼发生热坏死的临界温度为47℃,旋转超声骨骼制孔结合金刚石磨粒刀具的方式可以将制孔温度控制在40 ℃.骨骼制孔突破控制主要通过力/力矩、位置、声发射功率谱检测和神经网络分类等方法实现,其中通过力/力矩检测实现突破控制的效果最佳.在骨骼制孔过程中,还会产生钻削振动,因此对手术制孔机器人常用的振动控制方式进行了分析研究,并总结了其他有待进一步解决的问题并展望了未来的研究方向.     

自动化技术、计算机技术手术制孔机器人研究进展

传统手术制孔是由医生操作辅助制孔装置,对医生的专业技能与经验积累有很高的要求,同时制孔精度与手术安全性不高。自动制孔技术可以保证手术制孔的安全与精度,缩短手术时间。骨骼制孔过程中,骨骼与钻头的连续摩擦会引起热积累,当温度超过临界值时会导致骨骼发生热坏死。如果钻头超过预设深度就会对骨头周围血管、肌肉及神经造成严重损伤。热积累控制和突破控制研究是保证手术制孔机器人安全操作的关键。研究表明,骨骼发生热坏死的临界温度为47℃,旋转超声骨骼制孔结合金刚石磨粒刀具的方式可以将制孔温度控制在40℃。骨骼制孔突破控制主要通过力/力矩、位置、声发射功率谱检测和神经网络分类等方法实现,其中通过力/力矩检测实现突破控制的效果最佳。在骨骼制孔过程中,还会产生钻削振动,因此对手术制孔机器人常用的振动控制方式进行了分析研究,并总结了其他有待进一步解决的问题并展望了未来的研究方向。     

多指手自主抓取控制的研究

研究了时间-事件混合驱动的多指手自主抓取控制.在预抓取阶段,采用具有摩擦力补偿的比例-积分-微分(PID)位置控制算法实现手指的精确轨迹跟踪,该算法在传统比例-微分(PD)控制器的基础上,引入变速积分(RVI)提高系统的轨迹跟踪能力,引入平滑非线性反馈(SRNF)进行摩擦力补偿.在抓取阶段,采用基于事件的并行位置/力矩控制算法实现自由运动和约束运动之间的稳定过渡以及约束空间中的力矩控制.该算法采用基于事件的切换器实现控制模式的可靠切换,基于改进的纯积分力控制算法实现系统的稳定过渡和力控制.实验验证了该抓取控制方法的有效性.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-