中碳钙硫易切削钢夹杂物形态控制

在实验室进行了1 kg坩埚实验,研究了中碳高硫结构钢钙处理前后夹杂物的形态、尺寸及组?结果表明:钢钙处理后获得了可以改善钢切削性的纺锤形夹杂物,夹杂物的平均纺锤形率为68.11%,并且随钢中[Ca]/[S]增加夹杂物纺锤形化趋势增加;钙处理后小于2.5 μm的夹杂物占夹杂物总量的76.05%,夹杂物细小、弥散分布于钢基体中;夹杂物类型以钙铝酸盐芯硫化物外壳的复合夹杂物、(Mn,Ca)S形式的硫化物为主,有少量的铝酸钙与CaS的复合夹杂物;含钙硫的45钢铸态钢锭比普通45钢铸态钢锭切削性能有所改善.     

易切削钢中夹杂物及锡的形态

研制了一种新型含锡易切削钢.在锡含量小于0.05%(质量分数)时,钢材具有良好的易切削性能,其力学性能也达到了国家标准.在扫描电镜下观察了钢中夹杂物和断口的形貌,利用能谱分析了夹杂物的成分.结果表明,钢中的复合夹杂物主要由氧化物和Mns组成.多数呈球形或纺锤形,在断口及夹杂物的表面上锡明显偏析.     

稀土处理钢中夹杂物对晶内针状铁素体形成的影响

分析了稀土处理钢中夹杂物的特征（夹杂物种类、尺寸分布和体积分数）对微观组织中针状铁素体形成的影响.结果表明,钢中夹杂物种类和体积分数对针状铁素体组织的形成非常重要.稀土氧化物（包含稀土氧硫化物）与铁素体具有低至1.9%的错配度降低针状铁素体在夹杂物表面的形核能垒,从而促使它在稀土氧化物上形核.反之,稀土硫化物与铁素体具有高达42.5%的错配度不能诱导生成针状铁素体组织.此外,微观组织中针状铁素体的体积分数随着夹杂物体积分数的增加而增大,当钢中夹杂物体积分数是9.5×10-4时其体积分数达到53%.     

球状稀土夹杂物改善易切削钢切削性能机制的研究

通过自行设计的高温显微切削装置,在不同温度上对含有球状稀土硫化物夹杂的易切削钢进行了高温显微切削实验,观察到球状稀土硫化物夹杂在显微孔洞扩展过程中发生滚动。通过分析认为,在切屑形成过程中,球状夹杂物在显微孔洞中的滚动是改善易切削钢切削性能的重要因素之一。     

易切削钢中夹杂物的纳米压痕表征

利用纳米压痕技术对钢中BN、MnS、Al2O3、TiN等夹杂物进行纳米压痕表征,详细讨论了BN夹杂物对钢的切削性能的改善作用,并分析了纳米压痕表征及宏观硬度测量的误差.研究表明:铸态BN夹杂物硬度低于MnS夹杂物,锻造态BN夹杂物硬度高于MnS夹杂物,三者均远低于钢基体;铸态与锻造态BN夹杂物均能在钢中起到应力集中源、润滑及包裹硬质点的作用,改善钢的切削性能;纳米压痕表征及宏观硬度测量均存在一定的误差.     

低碳中硫铝脱氧易切削钢夹杂物的变性

本文通过对低碳中硫铝脱氧易切削钢夹杂物的组成，形态分析入手，运用夹杂物工程理论，选用合适的变性剂，对钢中主要的脆性和塑性夹杂物进行变性处理改善该类钢的夹杂物形态、分布及组成，以获得较好的生产和使用效果。     

易切削结构钢中非金属夹杂物与切削性能的相关性

本文以钙硫系易切削结构钢为主要研究对象,借助于定量图像分析仪、电子探针、扫描电镜等仪器和设备,探讨了钢中非金属夹杂物与钢切削性能的相关性。研究钢中非金属夹杂物尺寸对刀具寿命的影响,结果表明:本试验条件下夹杂物对刀具寿命的临界影响尺寸为8μm。还研究了非金属夹杂物的间距、均匀性及数量对刀具寿命的影响。 最后,建立了描述非金属夹杂物特征参数与刀具寿命关系的数学模型。 试验表明,刀具寿命(T)主要受钢中非金属夹杂物有效颗粒数(Ne)和分布均匀度(H)的影响。     

硬线钢夹杂物行为

针对唐钢硬线钢冶炼的现行工艺与条件,经过系统取样、综合分析对硬线钢生产过程中非金属夹杂物类型、来源、数量及分布进行了系统研究.研究表明:铸坯总体积率为0.0625%.显微夹杂的数量平均值为16.66个/mm2,面积百分比为0.018%.铸坯中的显微夹杂是硫化物夹杂、硅酸盐夹杂物、氧化铝夹杂物.铸坯中大型夹杂物的平均值为31.5mg/10Kg.铸坯中主要的大型夹杂物是硅酸盐和铝酸盐,其次还包括少量的硫化物.铸坯中夹杂物主要来源于脱氧产物、保护渣和覆盖剂的卷入.     

硬线钢夹杂物行为

针对唐钢硬线钢冶炼的现行工艺与条件,经过系统取样、综合分析对硬线钢生产过程中非金属夹杂物类型、来源、数量及分布进行了系统研究。研究表明:铸坯总体积率为0.0625%。显微夹杂的数量平均值为16.66个/mm2,面积百分比为0.018%。铸坯中的显微夹杂是硫化物夹杂、硅酸盐夹杂物、氧化铝夹杂物。铸坯中大型夹杂物的平均值为31.5mg/10Kg。铸坯中主要的大型夹杂物是硅酸盐和铝酸盐,其次还包括少量的硫化物。铸坯中夹杂物主要来源于脱氧产物、保护渣和覆盖剂的卷入。     

稀土处理C-Mn钢显微组织和夹杂物演化

对稀土处理C-Mn钢的夹杂物和显微组织进行分析,统计稀土处理C-Mn钢中针状铁素体形核核心尺寸,并将稀土处理钢在不同温度下淬火,研究稀土夹杂物生成和长大过程. 实验结果表明:C-Mn钢加入少量稀土后钢中夹杂物从MnS﹢硅铝酸盐夹杂转变为La2 O2 S﹢LaAlO3 ﹢MnS﹢硅铝酸盐夹杂,尺寸得到细化,显微组织也从马氏体﹢贝氏体组织变成侧板条铁素体、针状铁素体和块状铁素体组织;稀土处理C-Mn钢中针状铁素体有效形核核心的尺寸集中在1~4μm,主要是在钢液中形成,冷却和凝固过程形成的数量较少;稀土夹杂物在钢液温度和冷却及凝固过程容易碰撞黏合长大,上浮从钢液中去除, MnS能在稀土夹杂物颗粒间析出.     

Ultrahigh cycle fatigue fracture mechanism of high-quality bearing steel obtained through different deoxidation methods

The mechanism of oxide inclusions in fatigue crack initiation in the very-high cycle fatigue(VHCF)regime was clarified by subjecting bearing steels deoxidized by Al(Al-deoxidized steel)and Si(Si-deoxidized steel)to ultrasonic tension-compression fatigue tests(stress ratio,R=−1)and analyzing the characteristics of the detected inclusions.Results show that the main types of inclusions in Si-and Al-deoxidized steels are silicate and calcium aluminate,respectively.The content of calcium aluminate inclusions larger than 15μm in Si-deoxidized steel is lower than that in Al-deoxidized steel,and the difference observed may be attributed to different inclusion generation processes during melting.Despite differences in their cleanliness and total oxygen contents,the Si-and Al-deoxidized steels show similar VHCF lives.The factors causing fatigue failure in these steels reveal distinct differences.Calcium aluminate inclusions are responsible for the cracks in Al-deoxidized steel.By comparison,most fatigue cracks in Si-deoxidized steel are triggered by the inhomogeneity of a steel matrix,which indicates that the damage mechanisms of the steel matrix can be a critical issue for this type of steel.A minor portion of the cracks in Si-deoxidized steel could be attributed to different types of inclusions.The mechanisms of fatigue fracture caused by calcium aluminate and silicate inclusions were further analyzed.Calcium aluminate inclusions first separate from the steel matrix and then trigger crack generation.Silicate inclusions and the steel matrix are closely combined in a fatigue process;thus,these inclusions have mild effects on the fatigue life of bearing steels.Si/Mn deoxidation is an effective method to produce high-quality bearing steel with a long fatigue life and good liquid steel fluidity.     

Effect of main inclusions on crack initiation in bearing steel in the very high cycle fatigue regime

This work aims to investigate the effect of main inclusions on crack initiation in bearing steel in the very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) regime. The size and type of inclusions in the steel were quantitatively analyzed, and VHCF tests were performed. Some fatigue cracks were found to be initiated in the gaps between inclusions (Al₂O₃, MgO-Al₂O₃) and the matrix, while other cracks originated from the interior of inclusions (TiN, MnS). To explain the related mechanism, the tessellated stresses between inclusions and the matrix were calculated and compared with the yield stress of the matrix. Results revealed that the inclusions could be classified into two types under VHCF; of these two, only one type could be regarded as holes. Findings in this research provide a better understanding of how inclusions affect the high cycle fatigue properties of bearing steel.     

增氮析氮法生成气泡去除钢液中显微非金属夹杂物

为了进一步完善增氮析氮法生成气泡去除钢液中显微非金属夹杂物技术，研究了真空处理时间、充氮压力、气体类型等因素对钢中全氧和显微非金属夹杂物的影响.结果表明：减压处理过程中，钢液中非金属夹杂物可为过饱和气体氮气形成气泡提供非均相形核核心；增氮析氮法可有效地降低钢中全氧，去除钢中显微非金属夹杂物；真空处理时间越长，钢中全氧和显微非金属夹杂物数量越低，当真空处理时间为30 min时钢中全氧去除率达到了81.6%，而且全氧质量分数最低达到7×10-6.     

Comparison between the surface defects caused by Al_2O_3 and TiN inclusions in interstitial-free steel auto sheets

Al_2O_3 and TiN inclusions in interstitial-free(IF) steel deteriorate the properties of the steel. To decrease the defects of cold-rolled sheet, it is important to clearly distinguish between the degrees of damage caused by these two inclusions on the surface quality of the steel. In this study, a nanoindenter was used to test the mechanical properties of the inclusions, and the distribution and size of the inclusions were obtained by scanning electron microscopy(SEM). It was found that when only mechanical properties are considered, TiN inclusions are more likely to cause defects than Al_2O_3 inclusions of the same size during the rolling process. However, Al_2O_3 inclusions are generally more inclined to cause defects in the rolling process than TiN inclusions because of their distribution characteristic in the thickness direction. The precipitation of Al_2O_3 and TiN was obtained through thermodynamical calculations. The growth laws of inclusions at different cooling rates were calculated by solidification and segregation models. The results show that the precipitation regularity is closely related to the distribution law of the inclusions in IF slabs along the thickness direction.     

微镁脱氧时间对钛脱氧钢夹杂物特征的影响

先将C-Mn钢在1600℃下钛脱氧15min,然后再加入MgSi合金脱氧不同时间,最后对脱氧后试样进行淬火冷却.采用ASPEX Explorer夹杂物电镜/能谱自动分析仪研究了微镁脱氧时间对钛脱氧钢夹杂物尺寸分布、成分及形貌的影响.随着微镁脱氧时间的增加,夹杂物粒子数量逐渐减少,尺寸有所增加,夹杂物粒子尺寸分布符合正态分布;富MgAl2O4及TiOx复合夹杂物聚合上浮,夹杂物类型由富MgAl2O4、MgO和TiOx转变为富MgAl2O4和MgO复合夹杂物.另外,减少镁脱氧时间有益于提高单位体积夹杂物粒子数量以及获得细小的富MgAl2O4、MgO及TiOx夹杂物粒子铸态试样.     

高品质GCr15轴承钢二次精炼过程中夹杂物的演变规律

采用FE-SEM/EDS研究了转炉流程生产的GCr15轴承钢LF、RH精炼过程中夹杂物的演变规律,分析了其演变机理。结果表明:钢中复合夹杂物的演变规律可归纳为:Al2O3→MgO·Al2O3→(CaO-MgO-Al2O3-(CaS))复合氧化物夹杂和Al2O3→(Al2O3-MnS)→(Al2O3-MnS-Ti(C,N))复合氧硫碳氮物夹杂2种方式。LF精炼过程脱硫作用明显,钢中的硫化物夹杂数量大幅减少。LF精炼初期钢中主要是MnS、Al2O3、TiN的单相夹杂物。LF精炼结束后钢中的夹杂物演变为Al2O3为核心外包氧化物及MnS、TiN、Ti(C,N)、CaS的复合夹杂物。精炼渣中的CaO和耐火材料中的MgO经还原后与钢中溶解氧反应导致LF精炼结束时D类夹杂物增加。RH及软吹处理进一步强化了去除钢中的硫化物,但D类及其与A、T类复合的夹杂物含量增加。在LF阶段,夹杂物尺寸主要集中在1~3μm范围内,到RH阶段,夹杂物尺寸则主要集中分布在小于1μm的粒度范围。最大夹杂物尺寸由10.79μm降到5.68μm,单位面积夹杂个数由372个/mm2降到258个/mm2。RH及软吹处理有效地降低了钢中大于3μm的夹杂物。     

Precipitation and control of BN inclusions in 42CrMo steel and their effect on machinability

The precipitation and control of boron nitrogen (BN) inclusions in 42CrMo steel were investigated and their effect on machinability was analyzed. First, the precipitation regularity of BN in 42CrMo steel was studied by theoretical calculation. Then, the machinability of the steel was investigated through contrast cutting experiments, and the composition and cooling rate of the steel were controlled to analyze the variation laws of the size, distribution, and area ratio of BN inclusions. Finally, the results were combined with the machinability of the steel to analyze the relationship among them. It is found that the machinability of the steel is mainly influenced by the diameter and quantity of BN inclusions. Fine and dispersedly distributed BN inclusions are more beneficial for the improvement in machinability of 42CrMo steel than coarse and sparse BN inclusions.     

不同碱度精炼渣系对弹簧钢夹杂物的影响

哈贝马斯对《启蒙辩证法》的否定性解读,使得该著中的拯救逻辑遭到歪曲。由哈贝马斯的解读所延伸出的对《启蒙辩证法》拯救逻辑的美学化和精神分析化的重构与阿多尔诺的哲学思想相矛盾,由此我们必须重新反思哈贝马斯的解读模式。《启蒙辩证法》并非仅仅局限于工具理性批判,它通过有规定的否定达到了对现代启蒙当中现实权力因素的内在批判,它因此并没有彻底否定启蒙也没有重新树立新的乌托邦。对自然的回忆的拯救逻辑意味着思想必须对自身展开批判,以达到重新正视社会现实中的苦难现象,从而解构抽象主体的优先地位。     

应用镁蒸气对模具钢中夹杂物变性的研究

D2冷作模具钢最常见的失效形式为磨损失效,改善夹杂物的数量、形态和分布能降低钢的磨损率.利用颗粒镁在高温下生成镁蒸气,并通过高纯氩气携带通入钢液中,考察了镁对钢中非金属夹杂物的变性效果.实验结果表明,镁蒸气通入钢液后,钢中非金属夹杂物尺寸明显变得细小,夹杂物的成分从单纯的Al2O3和Al2O3与Cr,Mo和V等合金氧化物的复合产物向富MgO的MgO和Al2O3复合夹杂物转变.铸态组织的观察结果表明细小夹杂物在钢液中的残存对于凝固和相变过程中钢的晶粒细化有利.     

连铸异型坯中夹杂物研究

采取示踪剂追踪等手段研究了采用半敞开方式浇铸异型坯中夹杂物的类型、数量等情况。结果表明：大型非金属夹杂物主要来源于脱氧产物,其次为结晶器保护渣,然后是钢包渣和中间包覆盖剂,中间包衬的熔损。由结晶器卷渣、中间包覆盖剂卷入、中间包衬熔损和钢包渣卷入造成的夹杂比例约为100：39：28：67。