昆虫生物多样性的研究现状与进展

生物多样性是生态学的重要研究领域。生物多样性具有物种丰富度及物种均匀性两方面的含义。目前．生物多样性的研究正向纵深两个方向深入发展，昆虫生物多样性的研究已取得可喜成果，在2l世纪将有新的进展。     

河南省伊洛河流域生物多样性调查及评价

选取物种丰富度、生态系统类型多样性、物种特有性、受威胁物种丰富度、外来物种入侵度5个评价指标,以县域为评价单元,对河南省伊洛河流域13个县区展开生物多样性调查并进行综合评价,旨在系统掌握伊洛河流域生物多样性现状,为管理部门制定有效保护策略提供决策依据,并且进一步检验环保部已建立的生物多样性评价指标和方法.结果表明:流域内共有野生维管植物2882种;各类脊椎动物514种;自然分布的生态系统类型114种;中国特有物种1 107种;受威胁物种252种;外来入侵植物53种.上游卢氏、嵩县和栾川生物多样性评价结果为"高",中游的洛宁、宜阳、伊川为"中",而下游7个县区生物多样性均为"一般".流域内生物多样性地域性差异较大.     

Coral communities are regionally enriched along an oceanic biodiversity gradient

Ecological communities are influenced by processes operating at multiple scales. Thus, a better understanding of how broad- as well as local-scale processes affect species diversity and richness is increasingly becoming a central focus in modern community ecology. Here, in a study of unprecedented geographical scope, we show significant regional and local variation in the species richness of coral assemblages across an oceanic biodiversity gradient. The gradient that we sampled extends 10,000 km eastwards from the world's richest coral biodiversity hotspot in the central Indo-Pacific. Local richness and the size of regional species pools decline significantly across 15 islands spanning the gradient. In addition, richness declines across three adjacent habitats (reef slopes, crests and flats). In each habitat, a highly consistent linear relationship between local and regional species richness indicates strong regional enrichment. Thus, even on the most diverse coral reefs in the world, local coral assemblages are profoundly affected by regional-scale processes. Understanding these historical and biogeographical influences is essential for the effective management and preservation of these endangered communities.     

Ecosystem consequences of species richness and composition in pond food webs

Resolving current concerns about the role of biodiversity on ecosystems calls for understanding the separate roles of changes in species numbers and of composition. Recent work shows that primary productivity often, but not always, saturates with species richness within single trophic levels. However, any interpretation of such patterns must consider that variation in biodiversity is necessarily associated with changes in species composition (identity), and that changes in biodiversity often occur across multiple trophic levels. Here we present results from a mesocosm experiment in which we independently manipulated species richness and species composition across multiple trophic levels in pond food webs. In contrast to previous studies that focused on single trophic levels, we found that productivity is either idiosyncratic or increases with respect to species richness, and that richness influences trophic structure. However, the composition of species within richness levels can have equally or more marked effects on ecosystems than average effects of richness per se. Indirect evidence suggests that richness and associated changes in species composition affect ecosystem attributes through indirect effects and trophic interactions among species, features that are highly characteristic of natural, complex ecosystems.     

北京市公园绿地植物多样性研究

保护城市的生物多样性至关重要。城市公园是城市园林绿地系统的主体,也是城市里植物多样性最集中的地方,研究城市公园植物多样性可为城市生物多样性保护提供基础数据。通过北京市主要公园绿地植物的调查,分析了城市公园绿地植物的种类构成,计算并论述了公园绿地的生物多样性特征,以期能够为北京生态城市建设提供科学依据。调查发现北京城市公园绿地植物物种较为丰富,共有90科,251属,393种;植物种类构成以乡土种为主体,引进种也较为丰富。其中北京本地种281种,占总数的71．50％,国内引进种62种,占总数的15．78％,国外引进种50种,占总数的12．72％;公园绿地植物物种丰富度以草本植物最高,其次是灌木植物,乔木植物总体稍低于灌木;公园绿地植物物种多样性总体较高。     

Species Diversity Based on Vertical Structure as Indicators of Artificial Restoration for Coniferous Forests in Southwest China

0IntroductionConiferous forest in Southwest China con-stitutes the bulk of the second largestforest region(the so-calledsouthwest forest re-gion)of the country.As Southwest Chinais atthe southeastern fringe of the Qinghai-TibetanPlateau andthe source area of many major riv-ers,forestsinthis region playanextremelyi m-portant role in preserving water and soil,pre-venting mountain disasters and regulating cli-mate[1-3]and act as an“ecological shield”forthe upper reaches of rivers such as the …     

Patterns and processes in reef fish diversity

A central aim of ecology is to explain the heterogeneous distribution of biodiversity on earth. As expectations of diversity loss grow, this understanding is also critical for effective management and conservation. Although explanations for biodiversity patterns are still a matter for intense debate, they have often been considered to be scale-dependent. At large geographical scales, biogeographers have suggested that variation in species richness results from factors such as area, temperature, environmental stability, and geological processes, among many others. From the species pools generated by these large-scale processes, community ecologists have suggested that local-scale assembly of communities is achieved through processes such as competition, predation, recruitment, disturbances and immigration. Here we analyse hypotheses on speciation and dispersal for reef fish from the Indian and Pacific oceans and show how dispersal from a major centre of origination can simultaneously account for both large-scale gradients in species richness and the structure of local communities.     

麻疯树花部特征及其对传粉昆虫的影响

【目的】麻疯树为中国西南地区重要生物柴油树种,了解其花部特征对主要传粉昆虫的访花行为与访花频率可能产生的影响,有助于麻疯树的进一步繁殖成功。【方法】对麻疯树雌、雄花的形态特征进行测量,对花粉与柱头的微观特征进行扫描电镜观察,并对其花部构成、花冠尺寸及花部颜色对蝇类与蜜蜂类访花频率的影响进行观测。【结果】麻疯树雄花的花冠直径显著小于雌花,雄蕊的直径显著大于雌蕊,可能会影响传粉者对雌、雄花的偏好。雄、雌花的花蕊和花冠的相近,利于花粉的携带、转移与落置。麻疯树花粉粒表面具有瘤状突起,含水丰富,直径大; 雌花柱头有孔状凹陷,能分泌少量黏液,利于花粉在柱头上的粘附与萌发。去除花蕊与花瓣均会显著降低蝇类与蜜蜂对麻疯树花的访问频率,去除花萼对传粉者访问频率无影响。随着花冠尺寸变小,蝇类与蜜蜂对麻疯树花的访问频率均显著降低。花部颜色的改变显著降低蜜蜂类的访花频率,但对蝇类的访花频率无明显影响。【结论】麻疯树雌、雄花的花部形态特征有显著差别。蜜蜂类与蝇类传粉者对麻疯树的花部组成、花冠大小与花部颜色的视觉识别方式有显著不同。     

Bottom-up effects of plant diversity on multitrophic interactions in a biodiversity experiment

Biodiversity is rapidly declining, and this may negatively affect ecosystem processes, including economically important ecosystem services. Previous studies have shown that biodiversity has positive effects on organisms and processes across trophic levels. However, only a few studies have so far incorporated an explicit food-web perspective. In an eight-year biodiversity experiment, we studied an unprecedented range of above- and below-ground organisms and multitrophic interactions. A multitrophic data set originating from a single long-term experiment allows mechanistic insights that would not be gained from meta-analysis of different experiments. Here we show that plant diversity effects dampen with increasing trophic level and degree of omnivory. This was true both for abundance and species richness of organisms. Furthermore, we present comprehensive above-ground/below-ground biodiversity food webs. Both above ground and below ground, herbivores responded more strongly to changes in plant diversity than did carnivores or omnivores. Density and richness of carnivorous taxa was independent of vegetation structure. Below-ground responses to plant diversity were consistently weaker than above-ground responses. Responses to increasing plant diversity were generally positive, but were negative for biological invasion, pathogen infestation and hyperparasitism. Our results suggest that plant diversity has strong bottom-up effects on multitrophic interaction networks, with particularly strong effects on lower trophic levels. Effects on higher trophic levels are indirectly mediated through bottom-up trophic cascades.     

草原植物群落物种多样性与结构稳定性之间的相关性分析

以位于内蒙古高原中东部的锡林郭勒草原的代表性植物群落做为研究对象，在不同的空间尺度上，以生物量涨落、频度涨落及微涨落种群比例做为群落结构稳定性的度量指标，与表示草原植物群落物种多样性的丰富度指数、Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ－ｗｉｅｎｅｒ指数、均匀度指数进行了直线回归分析，主要结果如下：１）以频度涨落反映的群落结构稳定性与丰富度指数，Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ－ｗｉｅｎｅｒ指数不相关；２）生物量涨落在区域尺度上（荒漠草原－典型草原－草甸草原）与丰富度指数、均匀度指数以及Ｓｈａｎ－ｎｏｎ－Ｗｉｅｎｅｒ指数呈正相关，即群落多样性越高，其结构稳定性越高；３）尺度对多样性与稳定性关系起着十分重要的作用．在群落尺度上（群系内三个群落类型之间相比较），微涨落种群比例、生物量涨落与几个多样性指数都不相关，说明物种多样性对于全局稳定性起着更明显的影响．     

生物多样性熵值测度指标的应用与分析

以一般生物多样性指标为基础．对熵值测度指标进行了研究,用熵值及其他多样性指标分析评价了新疆克拉玛依荒漠植被的生物多样性。结果表明,熵值测度指标与一般生物多样性指标在机理上有对应性,不仅可作为物种多样性、生态优势度、物种丰富度的优良评价指标,而且可以说明系统的物种对系统的贡献大小及其演化方向。     

黄浦江上游大型底栖动物生物多样性现状

2005年4月至2006年3月对黄浦江上游大型底栖动物群落结构进行了调查.采用香农威纳指数(H′)、物种均匀度指数(J)和物种丰富度指数(D)对黄浦江上游大型底栖动物的群落结构、种类组成、多样性进行了分析.本次调查共采到底栖动物13种.密度优势种为环节动物门的霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)、软体动物门的铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)以及河蚬(Corbicula fluminea).生物量优势种为软体动物门的铜锈环棱螺以及河蚬.淀峰断面的香农威纳指数(H′）、物种均匀度指数(J)和物种丰富度指数(D)都高于松浦大桥.季节变化方面，三种指数的最高值都出现在秋季，最低值则分别出现在夏季、冬季和春季.生物多样性除了受种的数量及其个体密度影响外，还与多种因素有关，如水温、水质、底栖环境和人为干扰等.     

How does contemporary climate versus climate change velocity affect endemic plant species richness in China？

Climate change is considered a top threat to biodiversity, but the relative roles of contemporary climate versus the rate of climate change in determining spatial patterns of biodiversity are far from clear. China has a very diverse flora and harbors a high percentage of endemic species, but the mechanisms underlying spatial patterns of plant endemism are poorly understood. This study explores the geographical patterns of a representative sample of 555 endemic seed plant species at the scale of 0.5° latitude × 0.5°longitude. Ordinary least squares and spatial autoregressive models were compared to assess the relationship between richness of endemics and the rate of climate change in the past century, as well as a group of contemporary climate variables. In China, a high level of endemism was associated with high elevation and low rate of climate change. However, contemporary climate had a stronger impact than climate change velocity in the past century on endemic species richness patterns. Specifically,mean annual precipitation and annual range of temperature were important contemporary climatic factors. The rate of change of annual mean temperature, but not that of annual precipitation, also significantly contributed to the spatial pattern of plant endemic species richness. We found no significant relationship between topographic variation and endemic species richness, while temperature variability at multiple time scales was strongly correlated with the species richness pattern. Future work should consider the direction of climate change and incorporate higher-resolution data.     

城市化对哺乳动物丰富度影响的研究——以长三角城市群为例

以不透水面占比作为城市化强度(UI)的定量指标, 采用全球哺乳动物丰富度网格数据集, 结合气候因素和生境特点, 研究我国长三角城市群哺乳动物丰富度沿城乡梯度的空间分布格局。通过对比长三角城市群及其所处自然地理区(华东)哺乳动物丰富度的分布格局和驱动因素, 分析城市化和背景气候的贡献。结果表明: 1) 哺乳动物丰富度沿城乡梯度均呈水平“S”型分布; 2) 在背景自然地理区域, 气候因素(如年平均降水和最冷月最低温等)对丰富度分布起主导作用(R²=88.2%); 3) UI在华东地区与丰富度负相关, 在长三角城市群则弱正相关(P<0.001), 林地对丰富度存在正面影响, 耕地存在负面影响。因此, 城市化对哺乳动物丰富度影响在城市群尺度更为明显, 应更多关注如何区分城市化和背景气候对生物多样性的影响。     

内蒙古草原锡林河流域植物群落生物量及多样性沿土壤水分含量梯度的变化

在内蒙古草原锡林河流域土壤水分含量梯度上,测定土壤含水量并调查植物群落样方,探讨植物群落生物量及多样性沿水分梯度的变化.发现植物群落地上生物量和物种丰富度与土壤含水量之间呈显著的单峰关系;而香侬威纳指数和Pielous均匀度指数与土壤含水量之间不存在显著的相关关系.植物群落物种丰富度和香侬威纳指数与地上生物量之间呈显著的正相关关系;而Pielous均匀度指数与地上生物量之间不存在显著的相关关系.结果表明土壤含水量对半干旱草原植物群落的丰富度和生产力的影响极为显著,但不同土壤含水量对群落均匀性的影响有限,说明除土壤含水量外还有其他因素影响草原植物群落的结构.     

西双版纳主要林型冠层球蛛多样性比较

为比较西双版纳热带地区不同林型冠层蜘蛛多样性的差异,2007年7-8月,采用冠层喷雾法收集冠层蜘蛛,并以冠层球蛛科蜘蛛为代表进行多样性分析,并以球蛛的种类和数量分布为属性进行典范对应分析（CCA）和聚类分析,探讨不同类型植被与冠层蜘蛛多样性的关系.选择西双版纳勐仑镇5种主要林型（热带季节雨林、石灰山季节雨林、山地常绿阔叶林、人工纯林和橡胶林）为研究样地,每种林型设置4个样方,共计20个样方.共采集成熟球蛛标本944头121种,其中热带季节雨林66种,石灰山季节雨林63种,山地常绿阔叶林48种,人工纯林39种,橡胶林27种.研究结果表明,不同林型冠层球蛛物种数量随植被受干扰程度的增加而减少,而个体密度、多样性指数和丰富度指数随着植被群落结构的简化和人为干扰的加强而呈现出先升高再降低的趋势,说明森林简单化和严重的人为干扰会降低冠层蜘蛛的物种多样性.因此,我国热带地区橡胶林的快速增长将阻碍冠层蜘蛛物种扩散与基因交流,增加物种局部灭绝的风险,对生物多样性造成威胁.而适当增加橡胶林的植被群落结构（如：橡胶林种植茶树）,保留地表植被,减少人为干扰,对保持冠层蜘蛛多样性具有重要意义.     

稻田生态系统中杂草地捕食性节肢动物群落研究

采用吸虫器法采样，对稻田生态系统中杂草地捕食性节肢动物天敌群落物种多样性、结构动态等进行了系统的研究。在杂草地生境中采集到73种捕食性节肢动物，其中55种为捕食性蜘蛛，18种为捕食性昆虫。在冬春闲期，杂草地生境的捕食性节肢动物物种多样性和单位面积内的个体数量较高。水稻移栽后，杂草地中的捕食性节肢动物种群迁进稻田，为稻田提供天敌移居者，杂草地生境中的捕食性天敌物种数减少，单位面积内的个体数量降低；水稻成熟后、夏闲期始及冬闲期始，杂草地接纳从稻田中迁出的天敌种群，捕食性天敌物种数和单位面积内的个体数量呈上升趋势。杂草地为保护稻田捕食性天敌，提供了一个良好的庇难所。     

退耕还林工程影响下农林生态系统生态交错带的宽度测定

 生态交错带宽度的测定是定量研究其生态过程的基础,研究利用移动分割窗技术,对退耕还林工程影响下的山地农业生态系统和森林生态系统间的生态交错带宽度进行测定.首先以对生态交错带生物多样性分布趋势有较好体现的4个多样性指数(物种丰富度、Cody指数、群落相异性系数(β_J和β_S))和能体现群落本质特征的重要值为指标,取平方欧氏距离(SED)和Bray-Curtis系数(PD)为距离系数,采用移动分割窗技术分析比较.结果表明,物种丰富度,群落相异性系数β_J和β_S曲线趋势具有很好的重合性,同质区间也体现得较为明显,说明这3个指标生态学意义明显,有较高的实用价值;与PD相比,SED函数划分的结果要好.然后选取物种丰富度、群落相异性系数β_J和β_S作为指标以及SED作为距离系数对交错带的宽度进行测定.撂荒地-云南松林交错带位置约在样带序列25~36 m处,宽度为9 m,属于急变型交错带.     

广西兴安白石天坑植物群落及地理成分分析

本研究对广西兴安白石天坑的植物区系特征和植物群落进行调查研究,以探寻植物生物多样性与地理演化、天坑生境的密切关系。结果表明:白石天坑植物有65科117属131种,区系组成中乔木有21种,占总数的16.03%;灌木有28种,占总数的21.37%;藤本植物有13种,占总数的9.92%,草本植物占总数的52.67%。植物区系地理成分科级水平可划分为6个分布类型,主要是世界广布(36.92%)和泛热带分布(32.31%);在属级水平可分为14个分布类型9个变型,热带分布类型有60属,占总属数的51.28%,温带分布类型有37属,占总属数的31.62%。白石天坑植物群落的生物多样性受光照影响较大:天坑底部向洞穴纵深100 m区域,物种分布只有3科3种;向洞穴纵深50 m区域分布11科13种;天坑底部区域分布13科14种;天坑中部植物丰富度较高,为33科44种,天坑外围分布有48科84种。白石天坑植物区系以泛热带成分为主,温带区系为辅,植物区系受中国-日本植物区系的影响更明显。本研究结果丰富了岩溶地区植物区系和生物多样性的研究资料,为以后开展全球气候变化和喀斯特植物生物多样性变化相关性研究奠定基础。     

不同经营措施对桉树人工林植物多样性的影响

【目的】探讨不同经营措施对桉树(Eucalyptus)人工林植物多样性的影响,为桉树人工林的科学经营提供理论依据。【方法】通过4种不同经营措施试验(即,处理A:人工清理林地、人工除草抚育、施基肥;处理B:火烧清理林地、化学除草抚育、施基肥和追肥;处理C:人工清理林地、人工除草抚育、施基肥和追肥;对照(CK):桉树采伐迹地形成的灌草坡),比较研究不同经营措施对桉树人工林下植物多样性的影响。【结果】除处理B外,其它处理林地的木本植物丰富度及其优势物种组成和多样性指数与造林前相比没有发生明显的变化(P0.05),其草本植物的优势物种组成和多样性指数也没有发生明显的变化(P0.05),但种类丰富度则呈逐年下降趋势;处理B的木本植物香农威纳(Shannon-Wiener)指数(H′)和均匀度指数(Jsw)显著低于处理A、C和CK,而生态优势度指数(C)则相反(P0.05);处理A、C的草本香农威纳指数(H′)和均匀度指数(Jsw)显著高于CK和B处理,而生态优势度指数(C)则显著低于CK和B处理(P0.05),A与C处理之间和B与CK之间均无显著差异(P0.05)。【结论】人工清理林地、人工除草抚育、施基肥对植物多样性的影响较小,而火烧清理林地、化学除草抚育和频繁施肥等经营活动将显著降低桉树人工林下的植物多样性。