胃肠道微生物区系在宿主体内共生作用的研究进展

宿主与肠道微生物区系长期共同进化的结果是宿主与细菌间的互利共生.在人的消化系统中拥有成千上万的共生细菌,这些共生细菌对宿主肠道的营养加工、粘膜免疫耐受和一些其它功能具有重要的作用.现行的分子生物学技术和无菌动物模型为研究宿主与共生细菌之间的分子机制提供了前所未有的机遇,有助于我们更深入地理解肠道的共生细菌对人正常生理功能的作用,从而发展新的治疗策略.     

人体肠道菌群正常值研究的近况

人体肠道中存在着数千亿细菌,这些平常就定居在肠道的细菌叫人体正常肠道菌群.肠道细菌的数目,超过了人体细胞的总数,其总量近一千克左右,差不多等于肺或脑等大器官的重量,故肠道菌群及其活动对人体有影响是易于理解的.从人出生后3～4小时起,细菌就开始在人体肠道内栖息,并不断地增殖、更新和排泄,且伴随着人的终生.肠道菌群(当然还包括原虫、病毒等其它微生物)与大生物(宿主)、以及环境构成的生态系,在正常情     

膳食纤维的结构特性及其调控肠道菌群改善糖尿病的研究进展

近年来研究发现,膳食纤维(dietary fiber,DF)对肥胖、Ⅱ型糖尿病、肠易激综合征等慢性代谢疾病的治疗具有一定的作用.肠道中与人体共生的微生物群落对宿主的健康至关重要,疾病产生的同时存在肠道菌群的失调.不同的DF对肠道中微生物的调节作用不同,从而改善疾病促进人体健康.本文从DF的结构功能特性、在肠道菌群生长代谢中的作用以及肠道菌群在疾病中的角色,综述了DF通过调控肠道菌群改善糖尿病的研究进展,为DF的综合利用奠定了基础.     

植食性昆虫、植物和共生微生物的功能关联（英文）

植食性昆虫和植物均能与微生物形成密切关系,它们各自的生态功能及相互关系也常被共生微生物所影响。近年来,随着分子水平研究方法的进展,植食性昆虫和植物中很多可遗传共生微生物(细菌、真菌等)被发现。共生微生物能够在营养、生殖、防御和解毒等方面给宿主带来显著影响,并与宿主形成竞争、互利或寄生等关系。植食性昆虫体内的含菌胞、肠道、血淋巴、唾液腺等常含有重要功能的共生微生物。新的分子生物学手段和高通量测序技术的应用使得我们能够增加对宿主和共生微生物(即使处于低丰度)之间关系的了解。尝试总结植食性昆虫和植物共生微生物的多样性及其关系、昆虫和植物互作机制、昆虫共生菌解毒植物毒素等方面的研究,突出强调应以系统观思维来理解共生微生物、植食性昆虫和植物间的功能关联,就将来值得研究的问题提出了建议。     

水生动物肠道微生物研究进展

动物体消化道栖息着一个数量庞大、种类繁多的微生物群落,肠道微生物与宿主生理代谢的相互关系已成为国际生物学界研究的热点之一.然而与高等动物相比,水生动物这方面的研究尚处于起步阶段.本文从水生动物肠道共生微生物形成的影响因素、水生动物肠道微生物的组成特点、肠道微生物对宿主的影响以及肠道微生物生态学研究策略方面综述了近年来国内外研究取得的进展,阐述了消化道微生物分子生态学研究在水生动物营养代谢、免疫及发育调控中的意义和发展前景.     

菌丝内生细菌及其宿主真菌共生体系研究进展

微生物共生普遍存在于自然界中，真菌-细菌联合体能以多种方式相互作用，共同发挥各种生态功能。有些细菌驻留在真菌菌丝内部，借以调控真菌的生长、发育、分布和次级代谢过程，这些细菌被称为菌丝内生细菌（endohyphal bacteria, EHB）。EHB的研究揭开了微生物生态学的一个新篇章，是真菌与细菌共生关系中最紧密的代表。在逆境条件下，EHB可以调节寄主生殖机制相关的关键成分或步骤，诱导植物激素类物质的产生，对寄主真菌具有辅助性保护作用。研究最深入的真菌-EHB共生体系是植物致病性根霉菌Rhizopus sp.与伯克霍尔德氏菌Burkholderia sp.，引起水稻幼苗枯萎病所必需的植物毒素——根霉素是由伯克霍尔德氏菌所产生的，而非寄主根霉菌本身产生的。EHB也会影响定殖于高等植物的内生真菌的生态和多样性。在某些情况下，EHB还有助于激活参与识别、转录调节和初级代谢蛋白合成过程的相关基因。目前已开发出了无菌培养分离EHB的方法，然而对真菌-EHB共生体系的研究尚不够深入。综述了菌丝内生细菌EHB及其与宿主真菌的共生体系，阐述这些伴侣之间复杂微妙的相互关系，以及EHB对宿主真菌和宿主植物生长和发育的影响，并对该领域的研究方向提出了建议。     

菌丝内生细菌及其宿主真菌共生体系研究进展

微生物共生普遍存在于自然界中，真菌-细菌联合体能以多种方式相互作用，共同发挥各种生态功能。有些细菌驻留在真菌菌丝内部，借以调控真菌的生长、发育、分布和次级代谢过程，这些细菌被称为菌丝内生细菌（endohyphal bacteria, EHB）。EHB的研究揭开了微生物生态学的一个新篇章，是真菌与细菌共生关系中最紧密的代表。在逆境条件下，EHB可以调节寄主生殖机制相关的关键成分或步骤，诱导植物激素类物质的产生，对寄主真菌具有辅助性保护作用。研究最深入的真菌-EHB共生体系是植物致病性根霉菌Rhizopus sp.与伯克霍尔德氏菌Burkholderia sp.，引起水稻幼苗枯萎病所必需的植物毒素——根霉素是由伯克霍尔德氏菌所产生的，而非寄主根霉菌本身产生的。EHB也会影响定殖于高等植物的内生真菌的生态和多样性。在某些情况下，EHB还有助于激活参与识别、转录调节和初级代谢蛋白合成过程的相关基因。目前已开发出了无菌培养分离EHB的方法，然而对真菌-EHB共生体系的研究尚不够深入。综述了菌丝内生细菌EHB及其与宿主真菌的共生体系，阐述这些伴侣之间复杂微妙的相互关系，以及EHB对宿主真菌和宿主植物生长和发育的影响，并对该领域的研究方向提出了建议。     

植食性昆虫、植物和共生微生物的功能关联

植食性昆虫和植物均能与微生物形成密切关系，它们各自的生态功能及相互关系也常被共生微生物所影响。近年来，随着分子水平研究方法的进展，植食性昆虫和植物中很多可遗传共生微生物（细菌、真菌等）被发现。共生微生物能够在营养、生殖、防御和解毒等方面给宿主带来显著影响，并与宿主形成竞争、互利或寄生等关系。植食性昆虫体内的含菌胞、肠道、血淋巴、唾液腺等常含有重要功能的共生微生物。新的分子生物学手段和高通量测序技术的应用使得我们能够增加对宿主和共生微生物（即使处于低丰度）之间关系的了解。本文尝试总结了植食性昆虫和植物共生微生物的多样性及其关系、昆虫和植物互作机制、昆虫共生菌解毒植物毒素等方面的近期证据，突出强调了应以系统观思维来理解共生微生物、植食性昆虫和植物间的功能关联，并就将来值得研究的问题提出了建议。     

嗜黏蛋白阿克曼氏菌在肠道疾病和代谢紊乱中的关键作用

肠道微生物群在宿主代谢和炎性反应调节中发挥重要作用,许多疾病的发生与肠道菌群失衡密切相关。Akkermansia muciniphila(A.muciniphila)是疣微菌门中第一个被成功分离鉴定和培养的肠道共生菌,最初从人类粪便样本中被分离出来,因具备黏蛋白的降解特性,使其成为肠道黏膜中的关键菌种之一。不断有研究表明A.muciniphila的丰度与动物和人体的健康密切相关,使其成为近年来肠道微生态和益生菌的研究热点。此外,A.muciniphila的丰度在炎症性肠病(主要是溃疡性结肠炎)和代谢紊乱患者中降低,这表明它可能具有潜在的抗炎特性。本文将系统阐述A.muciniphila与肠道免疫和系统代谢疾病之间的关联,重点探讨其在改善肠道屏障、免疫应答及宿主代谢方面的功能和可能作用机制,为以A.muciniphila为基础开发疾病治疗新方法提供证据和思路。     

论共生系统:肠道菌群和人类健康

共生是生物界中普遍存在的一种现象,互利共生的一个典型例子就是人类和肠道菌群.人类利用肠道菌群消化食物来获得生存所需的能量和营养,而肠道菌群则获得栖息地和营养.肠道菌群与人类相互作用形成了一种与人类健康密切相关的平衡状态,打破这种平衡状态会导致人体内的许多疾病,如肥胖、高血压、炎症性肠病、癌症等.肠道菌群参与宿主新陈代谢、机体免疫、基因表达、疾病发展和药物疗效,同时它也受饮食、抗生素、生活方式、遗传和时间点的影响.作者系统地回顾了人类与肠道菌群之间的相互作用,分析了肠道菌群在人类疾病治疗中的应用现状,描述了治疗中存在的主要问题,为肠道菌群在人类疾病治疗中的应用提供了新的思路.     

Adaptation varies through space and time in a coevolving host-parasitoid interaction

One of the central challenges of evolutionary biology is to understand how coevolution organizes biodiversity over complex geographic landscapes. Most species are collections of genetically differentiated populations, and these populations have the potential to become adapted to their local environments in different ways. The geographic mosaic theory of coevolution incorporates this idea by proposing that spatial variation in natural selection and gene flow across a landscape can shape local coevolutionary dynamics. These effects may be particularly strong when populations differ across productivity gradients, where gene flow will often be asymmetric among populations. Conclusive empirical tests of this theory have been particularly difficult to perform because they require knowledge of patterns of gene flow, historical population relationships and local selection pressures. We have tested these predictions empirically using a model community of bacteria and bacteriophage (viral parasitoids of bacteria). We show that gene flow across a spatially structured landscape alters coevolution of parasitoids and their hosts and that the resulting patterns of adaptation can fluctuate in both space and time.     

Evolution of complex life cycles in helminth parasites

The fundamental question of how complex life cycles--where there is typically more than one host-evolve in host--parasite systems remains largely unexplored. We suggest that complex cycles in helminths without penetrative infective stages evolve by two essentially different processes, depending on where in the cycle a new host is inserted. In 'upward incorporation', a new definitive host, typically higher up a food web and which preys on the original definitive host, is added. Advantages to the parasite are avoidance of mortality due to the predator, greater body size at maturity and higher fecundity. The original host typically becomes an intermediate host, in which reproduction is suppressed. In 'downward incorporation', a new intermediate host is added at a lower trophic level; this reduces mortality and facilitates transmission to the original definitive host. These two processes should also apply in helminths with penetrative infective stages, although the mathematical conditions differ.     

Mealybug beta-proteobacterial endosymbionts contain gamma-proteobacterial symbionts

Some insects have cultivated intimate relationships with mutualistic bacteria since their early evolutionary history. Most ancient 'primary' endosymbionts live within the cytoplasm of large, polyploid host cells of a specialized organ (bacteriome). Within their large, ovoid bacteriomes, mealybugs (Pseudococcidae) package the intracellular endosymbionts into 'mucus-filled' spheres, which surround the host cell nucleus and occupy most of the cytoplasm. The genesis of symbiotic spheres has not been determined, and they are structurally unlike eukaryotic cell vesicles. Recent molecular phylogenetic and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) studies suggested that two unrelated bacterial species may share individual host cells, and that bacteria within spheres comprise these two species. Here we show that mealybug host cells do indeed harbour both beta- and gamma-subdivision Proteobacteria, but they are not co-inhabitants of the spheres. Rather, we show that the symbiotic spheres themselves are beta-proteobacterial cells. Thus, gamma-Proteobacteria live symbiotically inside beta-Proteobacteria. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of an intracellular symbiosis involving two species of bacteria.     

生物多样性与传染病风险

近半个世纪以来,新发传染病(多为涉及多宿主的人兽共患病)正在以前所未有的速度不断增加,不仅严重威胁人类健康,还影响着农业生产和野生动物保护。因不同宿主对病原的传播能力具有种间差异,宿主群落结构能够显著地影响病原的传播动态和传染病风险。多样性,作为表征群落结构的重要指标之一,其和传染病风险间的关系(即多样性-疾病关系)是传染病生态学研究的核心问题之一。尤其是“稀释效应”(即提高宿主多样性能够降低疾病风险)的提出引发了广泛的关注。虽然稀释效应得到了众多实证研究的支持,但其普适性仍然存在争议。笔者围绕多样性-疾病关系,介绍稀释效应的生态学机制、普适性及其产生的前提条件。并就3个方向总结了稀释效应的研究进展:①稀释效应的尺度依赖性;②宿主局部灭绝风险和其病原传播能力间的关系;③多样性对疾病风险的身份效应。此外,还分析了近期关于多样性-疾病关系研究框架的拓展,即从物种多样性拓展到谱系多样性;从单一疾病风险拓展到疾病总负担。最后,就未来可能的研究方向提出展望,认为未来研究需探讨分析生境破碎化、非宿主以及群落功能多样性在多样性-疾病关系中的作用。     

基于市场机制的移动Agent系统资源管理

分析了移动Agent的运行机制：移动Agent运行时要消耗所在主机的计算机资源，恶意的移动Agent可以通过大量占用主机资源，引发服务拒绝攻击，因此主机资源的管理是移动Agent系统设计的重要环节。讨论了使用货币的基于市场机制的资源管理策略及主机资源的静态和动态定价策略，同时对实现进行了分析。     

古洪水平流沉积基本特征

根据淮河响洪甸、滹沱河黄壁庄、长江三峡及黄河小浪底古洪水研究所取得的古洪水平流沉物样品及实验分析,研究了古洪水水中的关键问题－－古洪水平流沉积的野外观测及实验分析特征,研究表明：沉积环境、沉积物的颜色及沉积物的层理等可以指示现场寻找和判断洪水干充沉积;沉积物的粒度、矿物组成成分及孢子花粉分析可以进一步确定该沉积物是否是古洪水平流沉积及洪水发生时期、洪水来源等。     

Fish can infer social rank by observation alone

Transitive inference (TI) involves using known relationships to deduce unknown ones (for example, using A > B and B > C to infer A > C), and is thus essential to logical reasoning. First described as a developmental milestone in children, TI has since been reported in nonhuman primates, rats and birds. Still, how animals acquire and represent transitive relationships and why such abilities might have evolved remain open problems. Here we show that male fish (Astatotilapia burtoni) can successfully make inferences on a hierarchy implied by pairwise fights between rival males. These fish learned the implied hierarchy vicariously (as 'bystanders'), by watching fights between rivals arranged around them in separate tank units. Our findings show that fish use TI when trained on socially relevant stimuli, and that they can make such inferences by using indirect information alone. Further, these bystanders seem to have both spatial and featural representations related to rival abilities, which they can use to make correct inferences depending on what kind of information is available to them. Beyond extending TI to fish and experimentally demonstrating indirect TI learning in animals, these results indicate that a universal mechanism underlying TI is unlikely. Rather, animals probably use multiple domain-specific representations adapted to different social and ecological pressures that they encounter during the course of their natural lives.     

Exploring Attack Graphs for Security Risk Assessment: A Probabilistic Approach

The attack graph methodology can be used to identify the potential attack paths that an attack can propagate. A risk assessment model based on Bayesian attack graph is presented in this paper. Firstly, attack graphs are generated by the MULVAL (Multi-host, Multistage Vulnerability Analysis) tool according to sufficient information of vulnerabilities, network configurations and host connectivity on networks. Secondly, the probabilistic attack graph is established according to the causal relationships among sophisticated multi-stage attacks by using Bayesian Networks. The probability of successful exploits is calculated by combining index of the Common Vulnerability Scoring System, and the static security risk is assessed by applying local conditional probability distribution tables of the attribute nodes. Finally, the overall security risk in a small network scenario is assessed. Experimental results demonstrate our work can deduce attack intention and potential attack paths effectively, and provide effective guidance on how to choose the optimal security hardening strategy.     

Manipulation of host-cell pathways by bacterial pathogens

Bacterial pathogens operate by attacking crucial intracellular pathways in their hosts. These pathogens usually target more than one intracellular pathway and often interact at several points in each of these pathways to commandeer them fully. Although different bacterial pathogens tend to exploit similar pathway components in the host, the way in which they 'hijack' host cells usually differs. Knowledge of how pathogens target distinct cytoskeletal components and immune-cell signalling pathways is rapidly advancing, together with the understanding of bacterial virulence at a molecular level. Studying how these bacterial pathogens subvert host-cell pathways is central to understanding infectious disease.