人胚胎干细胞的研究进展及临床应用

目的探讨人类胚胎干细胞的研究进展和应用前景.方法对人类胚胎干细胞的来源、建系、生物学特性及应用前景作一综述.结果人类胚胎干细胞在临床上有广泛的应用前景.结论人类胚胎干细胞的研究是人类发育生物学的重大突破,揭示了人体发生发展奥秘的进程,可能为现代临床医疗模式带来革命性的变化.     

人胚胎干细胞的研究进展及临床应用

目的探讨人类胚胎干细胞的研究进展和应用前景.方法对人类胚胎干细胞的来源、建系、生物学特性及应用前景作一综述.结果人类胚胎干细胞在临床上有广泛的应用前景.结论人类胚胎干细胞的研究是人类发育生物学的重大突破,揭示了人体发生发展奥秘的进程,可能为现代临床医疗模式带来革命性的变化.     

胚胎干细胞体外定向诱导分化的研究进展与存在的问题

胚胎干细胞的体外定向诱导分化研究已成为发育生物学和临床细胞移植治疗的研究热点.本文介绍了胚胎干细胞向多种组织细胞分化的研究情况及未来研究前景,并分析了胚胎干细胞应用方面主要存在的问题.     

胚胎干细胞的研究进展及应用前景

胚胎干细胞主要来源于两种组织:早期胚胎内细胞团分离的ESC(embryonic stem cell)和胚胎生殖嵴分离的胚胎生殖细胞(embryonil germ cell,EGC)．由于这些细胞具有高度复制能力及多向分化潜能,已被用于生命科学的各个领域．本文综述了胚胎干细胞的建立、生物学特性、临床应用前景及所面临的问题．     

胚胎干细胞及其在人类疾病治疗中的应用

胚胎干细胞是一类多能性干细胞,近年来已成为生命科学研究领域的热点之一．尤其在人类疾病治疗方面有着诱人的应用前景．本文主要介绍了胚胎干细胞在几种疑难疾病治疗上的应用及其前景,胚胎干细胞与异种器官移植。以及目前存在的一些问题．     

胚胎干细胞的研究进展

胚胎干细胞（embryonic stem cell,ES细胞）是来源于囊胚内细胞团的一种多能细胞,具有分化的多向性和长期增殖能力,已经广泛用于生命科学的许多领域,它在医学方面的应用也成为医学领域的研究热点。本文综述了胚胎干细胞在诱导分化为神经细胞、造血干细胞、内皮细胞等方面的研究进展及在临床应用前景。     

胚胎干细胞的研究及其在临床上的应用

胚胎干细胞来源于着床前的囊胚内细胞团或早期胎儿的原始生殖细胞的一类未分化的全能性(多能性)干细胞，具有无限增殖和分化潜能。对其研究必将在发育生物学的基础理论、动物胚胎工程及临床医学等方面产生巨大影响，具有十分诱人的前景。     

神经干细胞研究进展及前景

神经干细胞研究是当今生命科学研究的热点之一。神经干细胞是具有自我更新和多分化潜能的细胞。随着对神经干细胞认识不断深入,其临床应用前景与价值得到了越来越多研究者的肯定。本文从神经干细胞的生物学特征、来源、分化、应用及前景几个方面对目前的研究做一概述。     

用于“治疗性克隆”人胚胎干细胞研究面临的问题与可能的解决办法

利用培育的干细胞(SC)来实现组织再生和器官修复对于许多重大疾病如糖尿病、心脏疾病、老年性痴呆(AD)、帕金森病(PD)、神经损伤等的治疗具有重要意义,同时也是新药研发的重要工具.使用体细胞核转移技术(SCNT)克隆人类早期胚胎和提取干细胞,即所谓的"治疗性克隆"(Therapeutic cloning)技术,是目前进行干细胞个性化治疗的重要手段,具有广泛的临床应用前景.通过这种方法获得人胚胎干细胞的研究尚处于基础阶段,仍面临着许多有待解决的科学问题和技术挑战.在此主要就用于"治疗性克隆"人胚胎干细胞的研究进展做了简要综述,着重探讨了在该研究领域面临的主要困难,特别是在获得人成熟卵细胞方面,并提出了可能的解决办法.     

家禽胚胎干细胞的研究进展

阐述了干细胞及胚胎干细胞的概念，它的发展历程，着重讨论了家禽胚胎发育的特点以及家禽胚胎干细胞的分离与体外培养方法及应用前景，将来的发展方向。     

克隆技术的最近研究进展

随着克隆技术研究领域取得巨大突破,克隆技术日益受到广泛关注。本文中,讨论了近年来克隆技术研究领域中取得的主要成就,并对其进行了总结。全面综述了动物克隆技术的基本原理,在“Dolly”羊、猕猴胚胎干细胞以及人类胚胎干细胞的克隆中所取得的各项技术突破,面临的问题以及克隆技术的应用价值及发展前景。     

Comparative pluripotency analysis of mouse embryonic stem cells derived from wild-type and infertile hermaphrodite somatic cell nuclear transfer blastocysts

Therapeutic cloning, whereby embryonic stem cells （ESCs） are derived from patient-specific cloned blastocysts via somatic cell nuclear transfer （SCNT）, holds great promise for treating many human diseases using regenerative medicine. Teratoma formation and germline transmission have been used to confirm the pluripotency of mouse stem cells, but human embryonic stem cells （hESCs） have not been proven to be fully pluripotent owing to the ethical impossibility of testing for germ line transmis- sion, which would be the strongest evidence for full pluripotency. Therefore, formation of differentiated cells from the three somatic germ layers within a teratoma is taken as the best indicator of pluripotency in hESC lines. The possibility that these lines lack full multi- or pluripotency has not yet been evaluated. In this study, we established 16 mouse ESC lines, including 3 genetically defective nuclear transfer- ESC （ntESC） lines derived from SCNT blastocysts of infertile hermaphrodite F1 mice and 13 ntESC lines derived from SCNT blastocysts of normal F1 mice. We found that the defective ntESCs expressed all in vitro markers of pluripotency and could form teratomas that included derivatives from all three germ layers, but could not be transmitted via the germ line, in contrast with normal ntESCs. Our results in- dicate that teratoma formation assays with hESCs might be an insufficient standard to assess full pluripotency, although they do define multipotency to some degree. More rigorous standards are required to assess the safety of hESCs for therapeutic cloning.     

Developmental reprogramming after chromosome transfer into mitotic mouse zygotes

Until now, animal cloning and the production of embryonic stem cell lines by somatic cell nuclear transfer have relied on introducing nuclei into meiotic oocytes. In contrast, attempts at somatic cell nuclear transfer into fertilized interphase zygotes have failed. As a result, it has generally been assumed that unfertilized human oocytes will be required for the generation of tailored human embryonic stem cell lines from patients by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Here we report, however, that, unlike interphase zygotes, mouse zygotes temporarily arrested in mitosis can support somatic cell reprogramming, the production of embryonic stem cell lines and the full-term development of cloned animals. Thus, human zygotes and perhaps human embryonic blastomeres may be useful supplements to human oocytes for the creation of patient-derived human embryonic stem cells.     

干细胞移植引发的伦理思考暨解决之道

干细胞移植对再生医学的发展有重要意义,但围绕胚胎干细胞的研究也产生了许多道德争论。涉及胚胎干细胞来源的伦理争议主要包括胚胎有无生命、道德地位等;干细胞的实际应用中的伦理问题主要包括会不会损害提供者的隐私权等。我国迫切需要建立符合国情的政策法规体系,包括制定更为完善的法律来限制和监管干细胞移植的临床治疗,对医院和医生的手术资格和能力进行审查,成立专门委员会对医疗事故进行责任鉴定等。     

Regulatory networks define phenotypic classes of human stem cell lines

Stem cells are defined as self-renewing cell populations that can differentiate into multiple distinct cell types. However, hundreds of different human cell lines from embryonic, fetal and adult sources have been called stem cells, even though they range from pluripotent cells-typified by embryonic stem cells, which are capable of virtually unlimited proliferation and differentiation-to adult stem cell lines, which can generate a far more limited repertoire of differentiated cell types. The rapid increase in reports of new sources of stem cells and their anticipated value to regenerative medicine has highlighted the need for a general, reproducible method for classification of these cells. We report here the creation and analysis of a database of global gene expression profiles (which we call the 'stem cell matrix') that enables the classification of cultured human stem cells in the context of a wide variety of pluripotent, multipotent and differentiated cell types. Using an unsupervised clustering method to categorize a collection of approximately 150 cell samples, we discovered that pluripotent stem cell lines group together, whereas other cell types, including brain-derived neural stem cell lines, are very diverse. Using further bioinformatic analysis we uncovered a protein-protein network (PluriNet) that is shared by the pluripotent cells (embryonic stem cells, embryonal carcinomas and induced pluripotent cells). Analysis of published data showed that the PluriNet seems to be a common characteristic of pluripotent cells, including mouse embryonic stem and induced pluripotent cells and human oocytes. Our results offer a new strategy for classifying stem cells and support the idea that pluripotency and self-renewal are under tight control by specific molecular networks.     

Induction of embryonic stem cells to hematopoietic cells in vitro

In order to get hematopoietic cells from embryonic stem (ES) cells and to study development mechanisms of hematopoietic cells, the method of inducing embryonic stem cells to hematopoietic cells was explored by differenciating mouse ES cells and human embryonic cells in three stages. The differentiated cells were identified by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry and Wright's staining. The results showed that embryoid bodies (EBs) could form when ES cells were cultured in the medium with 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME). However, cytokines, such as stem cell factor (SCF), thrombopoietin (TPO), interleukin-3 (IL-3), interleukin-6 (IL-6), erythropoietin (EPO) and granular colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), were not helpful for forming EBs. SCF, TPO and embryonic cell conditional medium were useful for the differentiation of mouse EBs to hematopoietic progenitors. Eighty-six percent of these cells were CD34+ after 6-d culture. Hematopoietic progenitors differentiated to B lymphocytes when they were cocultured with primary bone marrow stroma cells in the DMEM medium with SCF and IL-6. 14 d later, most of the cells were CD34-CD38+. Wright's staining and immunohistochemistry showed that 80% of these cells were plasma-like morphologically and immunoglubolin positive. The study of hematopoietic cells from human embryonic cells showed that human embryonic cell differentiation was very similar to that of mouse ES cells. They could form EBs in the first stage and the CD34 positive cells account for about 48.5% in the second stage.     

Preliminary study on human fibroblasts as feeder layer for human embryonic stem cells culture in vitro

To avoid the direct contact with mouse cells and possible heterogeneous pathogen in future application ,we need to replace mouse embryonic fibroblasts with human fibroblasts as the feeder layer to maintain human embryonic stem cells growth in the undifferentiated state,We Success-fully use human fibroblasts derved from aborted fetus and adult prepuces as feeder layer to maintain human embryonic stem cells growth ,During the passage and growth on this feeder layer,the human embryonic stem cells can keep their undifferentiated state.     

Induction of embryonic stem cells to hematopoietic cellsin vitro

In order to get hematopoietic cells from embryonic stem (ES) cells and to study development mechanisms of hematopoietic cells, the method of inducing embryonic stem cells to hematopoietic cells was explored by differenciating mouse ES cells and human embryonic cells in three stages. The differentiated cells were identified by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry and Wright’s staining. The results showed that embryoid bodies (EBs) could form when ES cells were cultured in the medium with 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME). However, cytokines, such as stem cell factor (SCF), thrombopoietin (TPO), interleukin-3 (IL-3), interleukin-6 (IL-6), erythropoietin (EPO) and granular colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), were not helpful for forming EBs. SCF, TPO and embryonic cell conditional medium were useful for the differentiation of mouse EBs to hematopoietic progenitors. Eighty-six percent of these cells were CD34⁺ after 6-d culture. Hematopoietic progenitors differentiated to B lymphocytes when they were cocultured with primary bone marrow stroma cells in the DMEM medium with SCF and IL-6. 14 d later, most of the cells were CD34^－CD38⁺. Wright’s staining and immunohistochemistry showed that 80% of these cells were plasma-like morphologically and immunoglubolin positive. The study of hematopoietic cells from human embryonic cells showed that human embryonic cell differentiation was very similar to that of mouse ES cells. They could form EBs in the first stage and the CD34 positive cells account for about 48.5% in the second stage.     

Derivation of pluripotent epiblast stem cells from mammalian embryos

Although the first mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell lines were derived 25 years ago using feeder-layer-based blastocyst cultures, subsequent efforts to extend the approach to other mammals, including both laboratory and domestic species, have been relatively unsuccessful. The most notable exceptions were the derivation of non-human primate ES cell lines followed shortly thereafter by their derivation of human ES cells. Despite the apparent common origin and the similar pluripotency of mouse and human embryonic stem cells, recent studies have revealed that they use different signalling pathways to maintain their pluripotent status. Mouse ES cells depend on leukaemia inhibitory factor and bone morphogenetic protein, whereas their human counterparts rely on activin (INHBA)/nodal (NODAL) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF). Here we show that pluripotent stem cells can be derived from the late epiblast layer of post-implantation mouse and rat embryos using chemically defined, activin-containing culture medium that is sufficient for long-term maintenance of human embryonic stem cells. Our results demonstrate that activin/Nodal signalling has an evolutionarily conserved role in the derivation and the maintenance of pluripotency in these novel stem cells. Epiblast stem cells provide a valuable experimental system for determining whether distinctions between mouse and human embryonic stem cells reflect species differences or diverse temporal origins.