Theoretical calculation of the finishing rolling elongation in alloying non-quenched and tempered steel

The finishing rolling elongation δ of the alloying non-quenched and tempered steel is calculated with the covalent electron number n_A of the strongest bond of the alloying phases and the interface electron density difference Δ_ρ of the phase interfaces. The calculations show that the elongation δ^α-Fe of the matrix α-Fe decreases with rolling refinement, the elongation δ^α-Fe-C-M of solid solution phases (M denotes alloying element) is inversely proportional to the covalent electron number n^α-Fe-C-M_A of the strongest bond, the elongation decrement Δ^{δα-Fe/α-Fe-C-M} caused by interface strengthening is directly proportional to the interface electron density difference Δρ^{α-Fe/α-Fe-C-M}, but the elongation decrements Δδ^α-Fe/MC^C₁ and Δδ^α-Fe/MC^C₂ caused by dispersion strengthening and precipitation strengthening respectively are directly proportional to the ratio of the electron density difference Δρ^α-Fe/MC^C₁ and Δρ^α-Fe/MC^C₂ of the strengthening interfaces to Δρ^{α-Fe/α-Fe-C} of the basic interface α-Fe/α-Fe-C. Therefore, the finishing rolling elongation of the alloying non-quenched and tempered steel is considered to be subtracting all the elongation decrements of solution strengthening, interface strengthening, dispersion strengthening and precipitation strengthening from the elongation of the refined α-Fe matrix. The calculation formulas in this paper are integrated with the proposed ones of σ_S, σ_b and of α_K delivered in another paper, the finishing rolling mechanical properties can be achieved and the calculated results agree well with the measured ones.     

Theoretical calculation of the finishing rolling elongation in non?quenched and tempered Si-Mn steel

The finishing rolling elongation in the non?quenched and tempered Si?Mn steel is theoretically calculated using the covalent electron number nA of the strongest bond in alloying phases and the interface electron density difference Δρ. Calculations show that the finishing rolling elongation of the non?quenched and tempered Si?Mn steel can be achieved by subtracting all the elongation decrements of solution strengthening, precipitation strengthening, and interface strengthening from the elongation of the refined α?Fe matrix. The calculated results of the finishing rolling tensile strength σb, the finishing rolling yield strength σs, and the finishing elongation δ of Q345 steel and BG420CL steel agree well with the measured values.     

Calculation of the end-rolling strength in Q235 strip steel by the alloying electron structure parameters

Combined with the phase transformations in rolling, the phase configuration, the tensile strength, and the yield strength with different terminal rolling grain sizes in Q235 strip steel have been theoretically calculated using the covalent electron number (nA) of the strongest bond in phase cells and the interface electron density difference (Ap) in alloys. The calculated results agree well with the results of real production. Therefore, the calculation method of terminal rolling tensile and yield strength in the non-quenched-tempered steel containing pearlite is given by the alloying electron structure parameters.     

高强高导铜合金电子理论的强度计算

基于固体与分子经验电子理论,以α-Cu基体强度为基础,利用相的最强键共用电子对数n_A和界面电子密度差△p,计算固溶、界面及析出强化强度增量,给出了铜合金抗拉强度计算模型。并以Cu-Cr-Sn-Zn合金为例进行计算,计算结果与测试强度符合,表明该计算模型正确且精度较高。     

钛微合金化热轧双相钢的工艺研究

通过模拟实验研究了钛微合金化热轧双相钢的连续冷却转变曲线及终轧温度对组织的影响规律,获得了可行的工艺窗口,并进行了验证性热轧实验.在冷却速率小于5℃·s-1及温度在625~725℃时,实验钢可以形成先共析铁素体.随着终轧温度升高,组织中铁素体及马氏体含量先升高后降低,但幅度不大.同时,当终轧温度较高时,铁素体显微硬度增加,析出强化作用增加.当终轧温度及缓冷温度分别为840℃及700℃时,获得了抗拉强度为672 MPa及屈强比为0.61的性能良好的热轧双相钢.经计算,铁素体组织中析出强化量为78.5 MPa.     

热轧带钢精轧过程考虑相变的轧制力模型

对部分在精轧过程发生相变的热轧钢种,当在双相区轧制时,因奥氏体与铁素体的变形抗力随轧制温度的变化规律不同,使得传统轧制力模型的预报误差很大,影响轧制过程参数控制精度.为此,研发了一种适用于精轧过程发生相变的热轧轧制力模型.首先建立了余弦形式的相变体积分数模型,算出不同轧制温度下奥氏体与铁素体的体积分数;接着,建立加权形式的轧制温度对变形抗力影响项的计算公式,较好地模拟出轧件在双相区轧制的变形特性;最后,把该模型用于宝钢1880热轧轧制力预报在线计算,实际生产表明,该模型显著提高了无取向电工钢等精轧相变带钢的轧制力预报精度,改善了轧制稳定性.     

高韧性420MPa级桥梁钢开发及强化机制分析

通过优化合金成分、改进控轧控冷工艺等手段,成功开发出屈服强度在480~530MPa,抗拉强度在560~630MPa,延伸率在21%~25%,-20℃冲击功全部在200J以上的Q420桥梁钢.对透射电镜下的析出相及金相显微组织中的晶粒尺寸进行相关统计计算,得到各类强化贡献量数值,并对Q420桥梁钢的强化机制进行了分析.分析结果表明:在新开发的Q420桥梁钢中析出强化贡献量占全部强度的10%以下,而固溶强化量及细晶强化量分别占全部强度的54%及36%,因此确认420MPa级桥梁钢的强化机制以固溶强化、细晶强化为主.     

热轧低碳钒钢强韧化机制的研究

采用不添加Mo,Cr,Ni,低成本V-N微合金化的成分设计,对实验钢进行控轧控冷(TMCP)实验,探讨其相变机理与析出行为,利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)等测试手段,系统地研究了热轧微观组织和综合力学性能.结果表明,显微组织为针状铁素体、准多边形铁素体和粒状贝氏体及少量三角状M/A岛,析出的细小V(C,N)粒子呈不规则的椭球状,较均匀弥散地分布于铁素体基体内部.实验钢的屈服和抗拉强度分别为618,701 MPa,断后延伸率19%,冷弯性能合格,扩孔率达到94%,延伸凸缘性能及低温冲击性能良好,满足轮辐用钢的加工要求.细晶强化、固溶强化、析出强化、相变强化为主要强化机制.     

TSCR流程生产钛微合金化高强耐候钢中的析出物

运用电子显微镜和化学相分析等多种实验手段研究了Ti微合金化高强耐候钢中的析出物,并在热力学计算的基础上分析了其析出过程. 结果表明:钢中主要存在TiC,TiCN,Ti4C2S2,TiN等析出物,连轧前TiN的析出过程已基本完成;大量纳米尺寸的TiC球形析出物粒子在铁素体的位错线上分布;Ti含量增加改变了MC相的粒度分布,小尺寸粒子的体积分数显著增加,增强了沉淀强化的效果.     

X80管线钢的组织与性能研究

利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电子显微镜等对X80级别管线钢的组织与性能进行了研究.实验结果表明,通过控轧控冷工艺轧制的16 mm厚的X80管线钢的屈服强度达到670 MPa以上时,其屈强比低于0.85,韧脆转变温度低于-60℃,达到了很好的强韧性匹配.细化的针状铁素体有效地改善了实验钢的强度及韧性.X80管线钢中存在两种典型的析出物,一种以Nb,Ti(CN)为主,尺寸较大(50~200 nm);另一种以NbC为主,尺寸细小(小于30 nm).这些纳米级析出物对钢的组织细化和强化起到了重要作用.     

经济型双相不锈钢2101中氮化物在基体中的平衡固溶度计算

为了解析出物对经济型双相不锈钢2101热塑性的影响机制,对比了相同工艺下2101和2205双相不锈钢在热变形过程中相界析出物产生的规律.结果表明:2101钢比2205钢的相界处更倾向于产生析出物,促使后续热变形过程中相界产生裂纹,进而影响材料的热塑性.根据热力学相关数据,通过Thermo-Calc和实验测试数据,推导出2101和2205双相不锈钢析出物Cr2N的平衡固溶度公式,计算实验钢中析出物Cr2N的全固溶温度,同时引入Wagner相互作用系数,考虑了Ni、Mn、Mo和Si对固溶度积公式的影响.发现2101双相不锈钢中Cr2N的全固溶温度比2205钢高100℃左右,计算结果和实验结果吻合较好.实际生产过程中必须控制双相不锈钢热轧的终轧温度到全固溶温度以上,否则相界容易产生氮化物析出,影响材料热塑性.     

CSP流程钛微合金化高强钢的第二相粒子析出行为

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜、物理化学相分析等方法并结合热力学计算,分析了CSP工艺生产的钛微合金化高强钢的析出物特征及析出规律.研究发现：屈服强度700 MPa级高强钢中存在大量球形的纳米级TiC和Ti( C,N)粒子及少量不规则形状、100 nm以上的Ti4 C2 S2粒子,TiN在连轧前完成析出,TiC主要在卷取和空冷时析出.不含钼钢和含钼钢(0.1% Mo)中MC相的质量分数为0.049%和0.043%,由于钼的加入,含钼钢中Ti的析出量较少,但析出粒子更为细小,并定量得到了不含钼钢和含钼钢的析出强化效果分别为126 MPa和128 MPa.     

高强度精轧螺纹钢筋的组织与性能

对国内外精轧螺纹钢筋的组织与性能进行了对比分析与实验研究 ,结果表明 ,与国内余热处理钢筋相比 ,国外精轧螺纹钢筋的强度、塑性高 ,硬化层深 ,晶粒显著细小·通过调整合金成分 ,添加微合金元素 ,改进热处理工艺 ,使鞍钢精轧螺纹钢筋的晶粒显著细化 ,其强度、塑性大幅度提高 ,σ0 2 /σb 达到了 1 0 80MPa/1 2 3 0MPa级国际同类产品的先进水平·新工艺处理钢筋的强化机制为细晶强化与析出强化     

V-N微合金化Q550D高强度中厚板

对V-N微合金化Q550D高强度中厚板进行了控轧控冷工艺试验,研究了沿厚度方向不同位置的显微组织,并测定了其综合力学性能.结果表明:V-N微合金化Q550D中厚板显微组织为多边形铁素体+针状铁素体,表面至心部的平均晶粒尺寸逐渐增大,针状铁素体的质量分数逐渐减少,20~30 nm的(Ti,V)N及小于10 nm的V(C,N)析出物弥散地分布在多边形铁素体和针状铁素体基体上;试验钢屈服强度、抗拉强度、断后延伸率、-20℃冲击功分别为651 MPa,733 MPa,18%,170 J;细晶强化、析出强化、位错强化、固溶强化、针状铁素体组织强化为主要的强化机制;晶粒细化、低C成分设计、针状铁素体组织的形成为主要的韧化机制.     

T形钢连接梁柱节点的试验和抗剪计算方法研究

通过对4个中空夹层钢管混凝土柱-钢混凝土梁采用高强螺栓T形钢连接的组合节点的低周反复荷载试验,研究了其典型破坏形态及节点域的剪力-剪切变形骨架曲线;在此基础上,对其节点域的传力机理和抗剪性能进行了理论全过程分析,分别建立了节点域钢管腹板、钢管翼缘和夹层混凝土的剪力-剪切变形的三折线模型,并根据剪切变形协调条件对三部分曲线进行简化后叠加,由此得到整个节点域的屈服抗剪承载力和极限抗剪承载力的计算公式,并将理论计算结果与试验数据进行对比,二者整体吻合较好.     

异步热轧对低合金钢显微组织及力学性能的影响

分别采用同步热轧及异速比为1.2的异步热轧对低合金钢进行热轧,研究异步热轧对低合金钢显微组织及力学性能的影响机制.结果表明,与同步热轧相比,异步热轧可显著促进低合金钢奥氏体/铁素体相变,提高热轧钢板厚度方向的组织均匀性.同步热轧工艺下,钢板表层为细晶铁素体层,厚度1/4或1/2处组织为粗大的贝氏体.异步热轧工艺下,钢板板厚方向主要为均匀的铁素体组织.两种热轧条件下,实验钢的抗拉强度和延伸率相当,分别为710~718 MPa和20%.采用异步热轧代替同步热轧后,实验钢的屈服强度由526MPa提高至561 MPa.这主要是由于同步热轧的钢板相变强化占主导,而异步热轧的钢板细晶强化相对较强.     

Microstructure and strengthening parameters of ultra-thin hot strip of low carbon steel

The microstructure and precipitation mechanism of ultra-thinhot strip produced by CSP technology were analyzed by electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD), H-800 transmission electron microscope (TEM) and thermodynamics theory. The EBSD results show that the finishing hot rolling microstructures are mixture of recrystallized and deformed austenite. After phase transformation, ferrite grains embody substructures and dislocations that led ultra-thin hot strip high strength and relatively low elongation rate. TEM observations show that there are a lot of fine and dispersive precipitates in microstructures. Most of aluminium nitrides are in grains, while coexisted precipitates of MnS along grain boundaries. Coexisted precipitates compose cation-vacancy type oxides such as Al₂O₃ in the core, while MnS at the fringe of surface. At the same time, reasons for microstructure refinement and strengthening effect were investigated.     

Prediction of end-roll strength and rapid adjustment of the on-the-spot composition in automobile cross-beam steel

According to the hot working technology, the calculating formulas of the end-roll strength in the automobile cross-beam steel have been given in theory with electron structure parameters of the alloying phase and the biphase interface. The relationships among the chemical composition, the end-roll grain size and the strength, achieved by calculations, are applied to predetermine the optimal end-roll grain size and chemical composition range to satisfy the technical requirements. In the productive process, according to the on-the-spot result analyzed, the computer can calculate the value of end-roll strength quickly, and the on-the-spot composition can also be adjusted in accordance with the demand until the composition is up to the technical requirements. The forecast is fit for all the non-quenched-tempered steels.     

终轧温度及轧后冷却速度对Q460C钢组织和相变的影响

在Gleeble-1500热应力/应变模拟实验机上热压缩模拟Q460C含铌钢的轧制过程,并控制终轧温度和轧后冷却速度.通过观察金相组织和膨胀曲线研究控轧控冷对Q460C钢组织和相变的影响,分析了轧制过程中可能诱导其裂纹产生的原因.结果表明,Q460C钢组织分布不均、控轧控冷工艺不合理均可能造成其裂纹的产生,提高终轧温度可促进相变提前发生,而在较高终轧温度下,轧后冷却速度对Q460C钢组织变化的影响很小.     

Preparation of high-strength Al-Mg-Si-Cu-Fe alloy via heat treatment and rolling

An Al-Mg-Si-Cu-Fe alloy was solid-solution treated at 560°C for 3 h and then cooled by water quenching or furnace cooling. The alloy samples which underwent cooling by these two methods were rolled at different temperatures. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the rolled alloys were investigated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and tensile testing. For the water-quenched alloys, the peak tensile strength and elongation occurred at a rolling temperature of 180°C. For the furnace-cooled alloys, the tensile strength decreased initially, until the rolling temperature of 420°C, and then increased; the elongation increased consistently with increasing rolling temperature. The effects of grain boundary hardening and dislocation hardening on the mechanical properties of these rolled alloys decreased with increases in rolling temperature. The mechanical properties of the 180°C rolling water-quenched alloy were also improved by the presence of β″ phase. Above 420°C, the effect of solid-solution hardening on the mechanical properties of the rolled alloys increased with increases in rolling temperature.