关于光放大器的最新发展及应用

介绍了国际上光放大器的最新发展及应用，主要包括掺饵光纤放大器、Er^3 ：Yb^3 共掺玻璃波导放大器、掺铥光纤放大器、光纤拉曼放大器及半导体光放大器，并指出相关光放大器的发展趋势．     

C带和L带掺饵光纤放大器的比较

以美国朗讯公司提供的两种掺饵光纤特性分析为基础,通过对其增益,噪声和带宽特性的比较,阐述了C带和L带掺饵光纤放大器（EDFA）的异同点,为新型的L带掺饵光纤放大器的设计提供借鉴。     

拉曼光纤放大器（FRA）和掺饵光纤放大器（EDFA）相结合构造宽带放大器

概述了拉曼光纤放大器（FRA）的掺饵光纤放大器（EDFA）的理论模型，据此计算它们的增益谱，重点阐述将FRA和EDFA相结合构造宽带放大器，利用遗传优化算法对增益谱进行均衡以实现宽带放大。     

一种超宽带掺铒光纤放大器的实验研究

分别优化C和L两个波段掺铒光纤放大器,利用并联方式实现了C L-波段超宽带光纤放大器．研制出了一台结构简单、高增益低噪声、增益平坦的超宽带掺铒光纤放大器,实现了从1 524 nm-1 602 nm超过 70 nm带宽内平均增益,其中C-波段在1 524nm-1 564 nm之间平均增益超过30 dB,L-波段从1 572 nm到 1 602 nm增益起伏小于2 dB．     

保偏掺铒光纤放大器的实验研究

给出一种全保偏掺铒光纤放大器,为了提高放大器的泵浦效率、输出信噪比和输出功率,实验中对放大器结构和光纤参数进行优化.结果表明,该放大器的输出功率可达105 mW,输出信噪比达到40 dB以上,具有较佳的输出特性.     

拉曼光纤放大器在DWDM中的应用

随着高密度波分复用（DWDM）技术的发展，拉曼光纤放大器以自身固有特性重新崛起。介绍了拉曼光纤放大器的基本原理，对比了拉曼光纤放大器和掺饵光纤放大器（EDFA）各自的特点，并讨论拉曼光纤放大器在DWDM中的应用。     

PDG对光纤激光器的影响

从偏振相关增益的机理－偏振选择饱和出发，通过对反转粒子数分布进行傅立叶展开，推导了常双折射系数掺饵光纤放大器中与偏振有关的增益（ＰＤＧ），并计算了不同偏振态光场的增益。分析了ＰＤＧ对光纤激光器的影响及在设计过程中的应用。     

掺铒光纤放大器功率放大中的信号失真分析

从Ｅｒ（３＋）的能级特性出发，研究了掺饵光纤放大器的输入输出特性，分析了增益饱和效应下的信号失真，提出了一种利用提高泵浦光功率以减小信号畸变的方法．     

1.48μm波长输出的拉曼激光器的优化设计

1.48μm波长输出的拉曼激光器是掺铒光纤放大器（EDFA）和拉曼光纤放大器（RFA）的泵浦源。本文通过数值模拟的方法从理论上对这种波长的掺磷拉曼光纤激光器进行了优化设计。     

双包层Er^3＋／Yb^3＋共掺光纤放大器系统结构设计及其性能分析

基于光传输方程,数值分析了所设计的双包层Er^3＋／Yb^3＋共掺光纤放大器系统结构在980nm泵浦下,输出信号功率和噪声特性;讨论了它们随输入信号功率、输入信号波长、泵浦信号波长和光纤包层面积的关系。结果表明,该系统结构在输入信号小于-30dBm,激活光纤长度为4m时,输出信号功率超过10dBm,增益高于35dB,噪声系数受光纤内包层与纤芯面积之比影响较大,且小于3．5dB．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-