前瞻记忆动态多重加工理论:一种新的加工机制模型

事件性前瞻记忆是指在未来某一特定外部事件发生时去执行先前意向任务的记忆.前人研究主要集中于对事件性前瞻记忆完成过程中信息加工和提取的探讨,关注信息加工过程是自动加工、控制加工还是两者的结合,但未关注加工过程中的变量与自动加工相关还是控制加工相关,近年提出的动态多重加工理论认为线索驱动和策略加工过程两者形成一种动态相互作用的过程,这一观点在有关前瞻记忆加工过程的实验研究中得到了支持.     

图画优异性效果在编码和提取中的促进作用

为调查图画优异性效果,比较了在编码和提取过程中图词和单词所诱发的ERP(事件相关电位)。20位中国留学生被分成2组,分别参加了图词和单词记忆实验,每个实验包含12个学习-测试序列。在图词记忆实验中,120幅图词组合被平均分成12组作为视觉刺激物呈现在学习阶段,相同的120个单词呈现在单词记忆实验的学习阶段。在两个实验的测试阶段,都只呈现单词作为记忆测试的刺激物,每个序列里随机呈现5个旧单词和5个新单词。在学习阶段,图词诱发的FN400比单词诱发的FN400波幅更大且持续时间更长。在提取阶段,相对于单词条件,图词条件的旧项目诱发了更显著的FN400熟悉性效果和晚期新旧效果。比较图词条件的新旧项目在提取阶段的ERP成分,发现图词旧项目诱发了显著的FN400熟悉性效果和晚期新旧效果。但在提取阶段,单词条件的新旧项目之间不存在显著的FN400波幅和晚期正成分波幅上的差异。因此推测,由于图词同时进行的图像和语义双编码引起了图词旧项目在测试阶段被更快更好地回忆,图画优异性效果主要表现为图画能增强编码和促进回忆。     

AB型人格类型及年龄因素对前瞻记忆的影响研究

采用实验室研究范式,以汉语双字词为实验材料,探讨了人格类型和年龄对前瞻记忆的影响。结果表明:人格类型是影响前瞻记忆成绩的一个重要的个别差异变量,A型人格的前瞻记忆成绩显著高于B型人格的前瞻记忆成绩;小学、初中、高中各年龄组被试的前瞻成绩无明显差异,即学龄初期以后的学生的前瞻记忆成绩处于稳定状态。     

编码和提取过程中日语汉字和假名的差异比较

 为了解明中国人日语学习者记忆日语汉字和假名词汇时所关联的脑神经机制,本研究比较了日语汉字和假名在编码和提取过程中所诱发的ERP成分的差异。在学习阶段,汉字和假名条件的各ERPs成分的波幅-潜时之间存在着显著性差异,汉字条件的P300和N400的波幅都显著大于假名条件,潜时也比假名条件出现得更早,这些结果说明汉字的编码加工比假名更快更深刻。在提取阶段,相对于旧假名,旧汉字诱发了低波幅·短持续时间的FN400和高波幅·短持续时间的LPC(晚期阳性慢波)。这些结果显示了旧汉字的熟悉性效果更大,旧汉字能被更快更好地回忆起来。而且它们的编码和提取具有明显的半球优异性特征,说明了与汉字和假名的记忆相关联的脑神经机制不同。本文认为,由于假名的记忆加工比汉字复杂,增加了假名的记忆负荷,导致记忆成绩比汉字差,解明汉字和假名的记忆特征对日语学习具有重要的指导作用。     

感情色彩双字词内隐加工的ERP研究

以汉语情感词系统中的汉语双字词作实验材料,记录20名大学生在执行情绪词汇判定任务时的事件相关电位(ERP), 初步探讨被试对汉语感情色彩双字词进行内隐加工时的脑内时程动态变化.结果显示:正性词或负性词诱发的ERP波幅比中性词诱发的ERP波幅大,而正性词与负性词诱发的ERP波幅之间差异不显著.正性词和负性词诱发的晚正成分(LPC)都是左半球大于右半球,右半球优势和愉悦度优势均不明显.研究结果提供了感情色彩双字词内隐加工的情绪效应及其优势半球的电生理学证据.     

大学生不同依恋风格对记忆材料的影响

采用实验室研究范式,以汉语双字词（积极、消极）为实验材料,探讨了不同的依恋风格对于前瞻记忆和回溯记忆的影响。研究结果表明：（1）安全型依恋风格者对于积极词汇的前瞻记忆明显高于不安全风格者的前瞻记忆成绩。（2）安全型和非安全型被试对于词汇的回溯记忆没有明显差异。     

延迟干扰对空间工作记忆信息再认的影响

通过延迟匹配的实验方式,要求被试完成空间工作记忆任务和延迟干扰任务,主要对空间工作记忆再认阶段的行为和ERP数据进行分析.实验发现：延迟干扰任务对空间工作记忆的再认速度产生影响,正探测条件下,位置不同条件显著快于位置相同条件,而负探测条件则正好相反.正探测条件在枕区诱发的P1和N1的波幅大于负探测条件.此外,还发现不同实验条件下,P300的潜伏期存在差异,正探测条件下,位置相同条件的P300潜伏期显著长于位置不同条件;而在负探测条件下,位置相同条件的P300潜伏期显著短于位置不同条件.实验结果说明延迟干扰任务对空间工作记忆再认的影响主要出现在刺激评估和反应决策阶段.     

初浅运用奇象记忆识记汉字双字词的ERP实验

通过运用事件相关电位(Event-Related Potentials,ERPs)记录,使用学习再认范式,考察了初浅运用奇象记忆识记汉字双字词的认知神经加工过程。结果表明:奇象记忆的记忆成绩显著高于机械记忆;ERPs数据显示,从额区到顶区,与采用机械记忆相比,奇象记忆方法条件下N400的具体词效应消失,并诱发了更负的N700。结论:奇象记忆能显著提高记忆效率主要原因是奇象记忆对识记材料进行了奇象转换和记忆的深加工。     

视觉工作记忆中干扰对回溯线索收益的影响

视觉工作记忆容量有限,必须通过注意来选择任务相关的视觉信息进行编码和维护.回溯线索引导内部注意选择性地集中于视觉工作记忆中的相关心理表征,被回溯线索提示的记忆表征相对于未被提示的记忆表征有着质与量上的提升,前人称之为回溯线索收益.众多学者使用带有回溯线索的变化检测或回忆报告任务在记忆阵列消失后呈现干扰,研究干扰对回溯线索收益的影响,但这方面的结论仍然存在不同的结果.主要梳理前人相关研究,提出4个可能的影响因素(外部干扰、内部干扰、干扰时程、线索类型)来解释以往研究的不同结果产生的原因,并构建干扰影响回溯线索收益的认知模型.     

正字法在错误记忆通道效应中的作用

采用DRM(Deese/Roediger Mc Dermott paradigm)范式,探讨汉语错误再认的影响因素.实验采用混合实验设计,并分为想象组和控制组,共54名被试参加实验,每组27名.每名被试在学习阶段进行视听两种不同呈现通道的实验,其中想象组要求被试对所呈现的词语进行正字法的判断任务,而控制组不进行该任务.测验阶段为词语再认测试,为视觉呈现.结果表明,汉语错误记忆存在通道效应,视觉通道条件下的错误记忆高于听觉通道.当在想象组中听觉通道加入正字法编码任务后,这种通道效应消失.说明正字法是编码是影响汉语错误再认的重要因素,但是其影响与国外研究不同,可能与汉语自身的语言特性和加工特点有关.     

“后延时”对幼儿事件性与活动性预期记忆影响的实验研究

本研究通过实验法、访谈法了解了学前儿童事件性及活动性预期记忆的年级效应及“后延时”对它的影响。结果表明，3岁之前，幼儿的事件性及活动性预期记忆能力就已经有了一定的发展，但是3—6岁仍然是幼儿这方面能力发展的关键时期。“后延时”对幼儿事件性及活动性预期记忆具有一定影响，但影响不大。如果提高幼儿预期记忆进行中任务的难度或者提供适当的外部提示物应该能将预期记忆任务的“延时效应”凸现出来。     

ERP dissociation and connection between implicit and explicit memory

ERP dissociations between implicit and explicit memory have been confirmed by a large amount of evidence in theories of human memory. However, similarities between the two forms of memory have scarcely been studied. A possibility is that while implicit memory and explicit memory have independ- ent components, they might additionally have shared components. To explore this question, an ERP experiment was conducted with a study-to-test paradigm, in which participants performed a "shallow" (color) study task or a "deep" (pleasant) study task, followed by either a lexical decision (implicit) test (Section 1) or a recognition (explicit) test (Section 2). An interference task was performed concurrently with either the encoding or the retrieval phase of the memory task for encoding interference condition or retrieval interference condition. We compared ERP signatures of implicit and explicit memory as a function of depth of processing or interference. Under the action of the same variables, 300―500 ms old/new ERP effects of implicit and explicit memory showed the same trend. These effects maybe all link with a perceptual representational system. 500―700 ms old/new ERP effects of the two memories were dissociated. They may probably reflect voluntary and involuntary recollection respectively. These results suggested that implicit and explicit memories are not completely independent of each other, but have both independent and shared components.     

口头和手动Stroop冲突性质区别的新证据

使用斯特鲁普任务变式,利用汉字音、形、义三维度来研究口头和手动斯特鲁普任务加工机制的差异.研究发现:口头斯特鲁普任务的干扰效应主要来自反应输出阶段的反应冲突,而手动斯特鲁普任务的干扰效应既来自语义编码阶段的语义冲突,又来自反应输出阶段的反应冲突,但以语义冲突为主.因此,口头和手动斯特鲁普任务的加工机制的差异是由于干扰效应产生于不同的编码阶段以及不同的冲突类型引起的.     

Conditional automaticity in retrieving multiplication facts: Evidence from Chinese

Adults automatically retrieve multiplication facts in a number matching task, in which participants judge whether the target number is one of the two cue digits presented previously. They are slower in rejecting the number which is the sum or the product of cues than a neutral number. The present study explored, with Chinese adult participants, whether such automaticity in retrieving multiplication facts can be affected by experiential and experimental factors such as learning experience and task set. We classified cue digits into two categories: small number first (the ascending order) and large number first (the descending order), according to whether the smaller or larger digit was presented on the left of the other. Experiment 1 found that product numbers were more difficult to reject than non-product numbers. Moreover, the order of cues played a role in modulating the magnitude of the interference effect, with ascending order conditions having larger interference than descending order conditions. Experiment 2 added a task-irrelevant addition or subtraction sign between the two cues and replicated the pattern of effects in Experiment 1, although the interference effects were significantly reduced. Experiment 3 instructed participants to judge whether the target number was the sum of the two cue digits. No interference effect was found for the target that was the product of cues. These findings suggest that the retrieval of multiplication facts, albeit automatic, can be influenced by learning experience (cue order effects in Experiments 1 & 2), the compatibility of the cuing context with the stored template information (reduced interference effects across Experiments 1 & 2), and task set (elimination of interference effects in Experiment 3). Retrieving multiplication facts is therefore conditionally automatic.     

Conditional automaticity in retrieving multiplication facts: Evidence from Chinese

Adults automatically retrieve multiplication facts in a number matching task, in which participants judge whether the target number is one of the two cue digits presented previously. They are slower in rejecting the number which is the sum or the product of cues than a neutral number. The present study explored, with Chinese adult participants, whether such automaticity in retrieving multiplication facts can be affected by experiential and experimental factors such as learning experience and task set. We classified cue digits into two categories: small number first (the ascending order) and large number first (the descending order), according to whether the smaller or larger digit was presented on the left of the other. Experiment 1 found that product numbers were more difficult to reject than non-product numbers. Moreover, the order of cues played a role in modulating the magnitude of the interference effect, with ascending order conditions having larger interference than descending order conditions. Experiment 2 added a task-irrelevant addition or subtraction sign between the two cues and replicated the pattern of effects in Experiment 1, although the interference effects were significantly reduced. Experiment 3 instructed participants to judge whether the target number was the sum of the two cue digits. No interference effect was found for the target that was the product of cues. These findings suggest that the retrieval of multiplication facts, albeit automatic, can be influenced by learning experience (cue order effects in Experiments 1 & 2), the compatibility of the cuing context with the stored template information (reduced interference effects across Experiments 1 & 2), and task set (elimination of interference effects in Experiment 3). Retrieving multiplication facts is therefore conditionally automatic.     

Relationship between prospective memory and vigilance: Evidence from ERP

Event-related potentials (ERPs) were used in this study to investigate the neural correlates of prospective memory (PM) and vigilance. Twenty college or graduate students participated in this study. They were administered a PM and a vigilance task and physiological data were collected at the same time. Behavioral results showed that the RT associated with PM cues was longer than those associated with vigilance targets. ERP results showed that PM cues and vigilance targets did not show significant difference in the N2 but PM cues evoked greater N300 than vigilance targets, and vigilance targets evoked greater parietal positivity/P3 than PM cues, suggesting vigilance and PM have similar but also distinctive neural basis.     

Brain dynamic mechanisms on the visual attention scale with Chinese characters cues

The temporal dynamics in brain evoked by the scale of visual attention with the cues of Chinese characters were studied by recording event-related potentials (ERPs). With the fixed orientation of visual attention, 14 healthy young participants performed a search task in which the search array was preceded by Chinese characters cues, “大, 中, 小” (large, medium, small). 128 channels scalp ERPs were recorded to study the role of visual attention scale played in the visual spatial attention. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the ERP components evoked by the three Chinese characters cues except the inferoposterior N2 latency. The targets evoked P2, N2 amplitudes and latency have significant differences with the different cues of large, middle and small, while P1 and N1 components had no significant difference. The results suggested that the processing of scale of visual attention was mainly concerned with P2, N2 components, while the P1, N1 components were mainly related with the processing of visual orientation information.     

论五四女作家笔下的上帝形象——以苏雪林、冰心为例

五四女作家和中国男性知识分子一样不否定上帝的男性身份,但在女性经验下,她们更易于用母亲形象或女性形象表征她们对上帝的体验。苏雪林、冰心的创作典型地体现了这一特点。她们一方面用上帝慈爱的＂父亲形象＂对抗中国家族宗主社会中威严不可侵犯的父权等级制度,另一方面又凭借自己的女性经验彰显上帝的女性和母性形象,寻求觉醒的女性所信靠的力量。五四女作家笔下上帝形象的特征折射出文化交流与对话中中国知识女性的独特性反应。     

基于语文新课标的师范生“三笔字”培养模式——以小学教育（语文）专业本科为例

《义务教育语文课程标准（2011年版）》关于写字教学的“具体建议”明确指出：“第一、第二、第三学段,要在每天的语文课中安排10分钟,在教师指导下随堂练习,做到天天练。”基于语文新课标,我们对师范生的“三笔字”现状作梳理分析,并重建小学教育（语文）专业师范生“三笔字”的教学、实训、交流、管理四位一体的培养模式,旨在帮助师范生提高“三笔字”书写技能,为成为合格的小学语文教师打下坚实基础。     

论汉字字体设计的意象表现

针对目前部分汉字字体设计作品单纯以形式表象作为其创作思路的片面性,提出了汉字字体设计意象化表现的重要性.从前沿的字体设计理论出发,深入剖析汉字字体设计之＂意＂的内在意境,和＂象＂的识别性、艺术性和整体性.结合相关理论运用例证的方法,重新阐释了汉字字体设计意象表现的内在创意思维、文化内涵、价值取向和审美取向,总结出汉字意象化设计的新理念和创新应用方法,从而为现代汉字字体设计提供一定的设计思路和启示.