电场作用下单气泡行为的可视化

为进一步探索电场强化沸腾换热的机理,利用高速摄像机研究了绝热条件下注入到静止变压器油中的氮气泡在电场作用下的行为。获得了在不同电场作用下气泡形态成长的实验图像,并分析了电场作用下气泡的长径比、脱离体积和脱离周期随电场的变化关系。实验研究表明:随着电场强度的增大,气泡的长径比变大,脱离体积变小,脱离周期变短。电场中气泡行为的改变主要取决于电场强度和电极距离。外电场作用促进了注入气泡从小孔的脱离。     

电场作用下单气泡行为的可视化

为进一步探索电场强化沸腾换热的机理,利用高速摄像机研究绝热条件下注入到静止变压器油中的氮气泡在电场作用下的行为,获得了在不同电场作用下气泡形态成长的实验图像,并分析了电场作用下气泡的长径比、脱离体积和脱离周期随电场的变化关系。实验研究表明:随着电场强度的增大,气泡的长径比变大,脱离体积变小,脱离周期变短。电场中气泡行为的改变主要取决于电场强度和电极距离。外电场作用促进了注入气泡从小孔的脱离。     

电场对沸腾汽泡影响的实验研究

为进一步探索电场强化沸腾换热的机理,利用高速摄像仪对沸腾汽泡在电场作用下的生长过程进行了可视化实验研究.实验观察到电场作用下汽泡生长的动态图像.研究结果表明,电场作用下汽泡沿场强方向伸长,随着场强的升高,汽泡的脱离长径比增大,汽泡脱离壁面时的椭球外形更加明显;随着场强的增大,汽泡的脱离体积减小.分析了汽泡行为的变化对电场强化沸腾换热的影响.     

均匀电场作用下气泡变形的研究

为进一步探索电场强化沸腾换热的机理,利用高速摄像仪拍摄了气泡在不同场强作用下的实验图像,并对气泡脱离壁面时的形态进行了定量分析.实验结果表明,电场作用下气泡沿场强方向伸长,随着场强的升高,气泡的脱离长径比增大,变形量增大.并对气泡界面所受的电应力进行了计算,计算结果显示,气泡变形是由于气泡受到电应力的作用,电应力在赤道方向压缩汽泡,在极轴方向拉伸气泡,使得气泡沿场强方向变细变长.     

电场作用下单气泡行为的数值模拟

为了解电场强化沸腾换热的机理,分析了单气泡在电场作用下的行为特点.通过求解不可压缩流体的连续性方程,加入电场力的动量方程和VOF(volume of fluid)方程,得到了单气泡在电场下从壁面脱离的过程.结果发现,气泡在电场下脱离时间变短,并沿着电场方向伸长.气泡内部流动加剧,形成多个涡.结果表明,电场作用下气泡的行为特点产生显著的变化.     

均匀电场对池沸腾换热的影响分析

对均匀高压电场作用下平板池沸腾换热的强化效果进行了试验研究,发现在较低过热度的范围内电场对换热有明显的强化效果.场强越高,相同过热度对应的换热系数越高.在相同的场强下,强化系数随着热流密度的增加而减少.结合试验结果对电场强化沸腾换热的机制进行了分析.在热流密度较小的范围内,对流换热占主导地位,电场强化对流换热使壁面过热度大大下降,导致相应过热度下汽泡的平衡半径提高,因此,抑制了核态沸腾.随着热流密度的提高,汽泡的产生和运动成为影响换热的主要因素,此时过热度的变化不是很大,在相同的过热度下,电场可以减小汽泡的临界半径,使汽泡增多.在汽泡准备区,电场会影响汽泡的核化;在汽泡成长区,电场会影响汽泡的长大、变形和脱离;在非沸腾区,电场会影响单相流体的自然对流换热.     

气液两相流中气泡周围电场特性研究

针对均匀电场作用下的气液两相系统建立了数学模型 ,研究了单个及多个气泡附着于壁面、即将脱离和上升至两极板间的电场分布情况 .结果表明 ,气泡周围电场的强弱及其分布的均匀性是影响气泡运动的重要因素 .当大量气泡出现并有部分气泡脱离壁面时 ,电场对气泡的作用减弱 ,这为高热流密度下电场强化沸腾换热效果不再明显提供了理论依据 .     

制冷工质R11池沸腾换热气泡行为的可视化研究

采用可视化实验技术对压力为0.1MPa的条件下、制冷工质R11池沸腾气泡行为进行了深入观察和分析．可视化实验结果表明，气泡底部微液层的蒸发对气泡的生长具有极其重要的作用．在气泡生长过程中，未发现气泡底部的微液层有液体补充．研究结果表明，随着壁面过热度的升高，气泡脱离直径与脱离时间减小，而气泡脱离频率升高．此外，通过对实验图像资料的分析，得到了气泡直径及气泡底部干斑直径随时间的变化曲线以及沸腾表面汽化核心密度随热流变化的关联式．基于实验结果，利用动态微液层模型对制冷工质R11的池沸腾曲线进行了预测，结果显示，预测值与实验值在高热流密度条件下符合较好．     

气液两相流中气泡周围电场特性研究

针对均匀电场作用下的气液两相系统建立了数学模型，研究了单个及多个气泡附着于壁面、即将脱离和上升至两极板间的电场分布情况．结果表明，气泡周围电场的强弱及其分布的均匀性是影响气泡运动的重要因素．当大量气泡出现并有部分气泡脱离壁面时，电场对气泡的作用减弱，这为高热流密度下电场强化沸腾换热效果不再明显提供了理论依据。     

电场中气泡在换热表面上的变形及对沸腾换热影响

从电场分布的角度，研究了换热表面上气泡在电场力作用下的变形规律和气泡变形影响EHD(electrohydrodynaInics)强化沸腾换热的机理．电场分布决定了气泡在电场力作用下的变形方式，如果换热表面的电场强度高于周围液体或电极的电场强度，则气泡受拉伸作用：反之，气泡受压制作用．热边界层的存在会减小电场力对气泡的拉伸作用，增强电场力对气泡的压制作用，但不会改变气泡的变形方式，气泡在换热表面上无论是被拉伸还是被压制，都能使沸腾换热得到强化，但两者的强化换热机理不同。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.