"Marinelli Beaker"型气体源γ射线的探测效率研究

针对放射性惰性气体在“Marinelli Beaker”（简称MB）容器中,用NaI（TI）闪烁探测器测量γ射线,采用蒙特卡洛计算方法计算NaI（TI）晶体对^85Krγ射线的探测效率并与标准源实验刻度探测效率进行比较．应用Matlah软件对不同体积的MB容器的理论计算和实验刻度数据分别用最小二乘法进行拟合并比较．比较结果显示,理论计算值和实验数据在误差范围内是一致的。     

碳氧比能谱测井中能谱及探测器响应的数值模拟

利用蒙特卡罗中子-粒子(MCNP)联合输运程序，对在井几何条件下地层中碳、氧、硅、钙等元素发生非弹性散射产生的伽马射线的测量谱及不同探测器的响应进行了模拟。结果表明，同种尺寸的BGO探测器比NaI(TI)探测器的探测效率大；在谱处理过程中BGO探测器选择光电峰和第一逃逸峰的和作为特征能窗，而NaI(T1)探测器以光电峰和第一、第二逃逸峰的和作为特征能窗。探测效率以及伽马光子计数与源距关系的模拟结果显示，长源距探测器晶体几何体积应为短源距探测器晶体体积的8倍左右时，二者才具有相当的测量精度。此模拟结果与实验谱具有较好的一致性，这为碳氧比能谱测井的谱处理奠定了基础。     

层析γ扫描技术效率矩阵计算模型分析与修正

在对层析γ扫描技术效率矩阵进行刻度,特别是采用体源刻度时,传统实验刻度方法实现较为困难,采用蒙特卡罗方法刻度需要较高精度的探测器尺寸.为此通过对刻度空间不同位置的探测效率与计算效率相似比较,分析并修正探测器模型,使计算值与实验值相对误差小于5%,得到较为精确的刻度模型.研究结果为进一步刻度分析奠定了理论和计算模型基础.     

面向辐射环境监测的反康普顿γ能谱仪蒙特卡罗模拟研究

使用蒙特卡罗软件Geant4设计模拟了一套用于核事故等辐射环境监测的反康普顿γ能谱仪.主探测器采用HPGe探测器,选择新型闪烁体晶体LaBr3(Ce)作为次级探测器.利用Geant4对探测器系统进行模拟优化,确定最佳的探测器尺寸和结构.模拟的γ射线能量范围从500到1500keV.结果表明,增加主体LaBr3(Ce)晶体厚度能显著提升康普顿抑制系数,当主体LaBr3(Ce)晶体厚度达到60mm时,提升效果明显减弱;在HPGe探测器的后方添加LaBr3(Ce)晶体也能一定程度提升抑制效果,而在HPGe探测器的前方增加LaBr3(Ce)晶体厚度对康普顿抑制系数的提升非常有限.在最优化条件下模拟测量了放射性核素I-131,Cs-134,Cs-137和K-40,对发射单能γ射线的Cs-137和K-40康普顿抑制效果很好,对存在级联衰变的I-131和Cs-134抑制效果相对较弱.     

光子在LYSO晶体中传输的Monte Carlo模拟

为了获得PET探测器设计中闪烁晶体表面不同处理方式对探测效率的影响,使用DETECT2000对光子在LYSO(Lu1.9Y0.1SiO5∶Ce,硅酸镥)晶体中的光学输运特性进行了蒙特卡罗模拟.探测器由一个4 mm×4 mm×25 mm的LYSO晶体与一个PMT耦合组成.模拟结果显示:入射面为粗糙面(漫反射面),其余均为抛光面并在外层(入射面和与PMT耦合的面除外)包有反射介质。反射介质的反射率越高,则探测效率越高,并且其探测效率是晶体所有表面作抛光处理方式的1.6倍.在探测器设计过程中,需要选取反射率大于0.98的反射介质作为反射层.     

复合金属发射极真空康普顿探测器结构设计

采用Ta—Al复合金属电子转换靶设计了一种厚窗真空型康普顿探测器，其对1.25 MeV γ射线的探测效率达到7.85×10-3 e/γ，比Fe发射极探测器的探测效率高出约2.5倍。探测器具有良好的封装加工和静态真空保持特性，可用于强流脉冲γ射线测量场合。     

碳氧比能谱测井中能谱及探测器响应的数值模拟

利用蒙特卡罗中子粒子(MCNP)联合输运程序,对在井几何条件下地层中碳、氧、硅、钙等元素发生非弹性散射产生的伽马射线的测量谱及不同探测器的响应进行了模拟。结果表明,同种尺寸的BGO探测器比NaI(Tl)探测器的探测效率大;在谱处理过程中BGO探测器选择光电峰和第一逃逸峰的和作为特征能窗,而NaI(Tl)探测器以光电峰和第一、第二逃逸峰的和作为特征能窗。探测效率以及伽马光子计数与源距关系的模拟结果显示,长源距探测器晶体几何体积应为短源距探测器晶体体积的8倍左右时,二者才具有相当的测量精度。此模拟结果与实验谱具有较好的一致性,这为碳氧比能谱测井的谱处理奠定了基础。     

碘化钠探测器和高纯锗探测器γ能谱仪性能比较

用碘化钠(NaI)闪烁体探测器和高纯锗(HPGe)半导体探测器γ能谱仪测量了^137Cs-^152Eu标准放射源和铅室本底的γ射线能谱．分析研究NaI探测器与HPGe探测器的能量分辨率、探测效率等特性，通过能谱分析还给出了铅室本底中可能含有的放射性核素，并对HPGe探测器进行了部分能量范围内的效率刻度．     

高纯锗探测器探测效率的MCNP模拟

利用同轴型高纯锗(HPGe)探测器测量152Eu和133Ba在15cm处的探测效率,调节探测器死层厚度和冷指尺寸,利用Monte Carlo方法对同轴型HPGe探测器的全能峰效率进行模拟计算,并将计算效率与实验效率进行比较.结果表明,当HPGe探测器的死层厚度为0.22cm,冷指半径和长度分别为0.301cm和1.00cm时,模拟效率与实验效率相符。     

NaI(Tl)探测γ能谱的MCNP模拟

利用光子和电子联合输运MCNP程序的电子脉冲计数类型的能峰展宽模拟计算NaI(Tl)探测器的γ能谱, 与实验结果符合较好. 利用能峰展宽参数计算不同能量γ射线的峰总比, 结果与实验值相符, 验证该计算方法可用于NaI(Tl)探测γ能谱的模拟. 对不同能区γ射线的能谱进行模拟, 并分析了能谱的形成过程.      

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-