Cold stress induced changes in the uptake and distribution of radiolabelled magnesium in the brain and pituitary of the rat

Résumé L'imposition de conditions hypothermiques augmente l'incorporation de²⁸Mg dans le cerveau et la glande pituitaire du rat.

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Research for this paper was supported by NSF No. GB 27740 X. The authors are grateful for the technical assistance of Mrs.M. Turner, Mrs.E. Rovner and Mrs. L. Macko.     

Joseph LeConte and the development of the physiology and psychology of vision in the United States

The nineteenth-century American scientist, philosopher and teacher Joseph LeConte (1823–1901) is well-known for his writings on geology and the reconciliation of evolutionary theory and religion, but he has not been properly recognized for his contributions to the physiology and psychology of vision. This study explores and assesses his work in the latter field, showing the nature of his original investigations into human vision and the influence of his book Sight: an exposition of the principles of monocular and binocular vision, which served as the major textbook on the subject in the United States from its publication in 1881 until after the turn of the century. Grounded in neo-Lamarckian evolutionary theory, LeConte's publications on vision had a strong impact upon subsequent studies of the phenomenon of human sight.     

西部大开发过程中存在的若干问题及其对策研究

实施西部大开发战略，加快西部发展，逐步缩小各地区之间的发展差距，实现区域经济协调发展，最终达到各地区经济普遍繁荣和全体人民共同富裕，既是社会主义本质特征要求，亦是国民经济持续协调发展的内在需要。近年来，虽然西部大开发已经取得了举世瞩目的成就，但仍然存在着许多问题。本文针对存在的若干问题进行了深入的揭露与研讨，同时提出了若干有益的对策建议。     

Symmetries and the explanation of conservation laws in the light of the inverse problem in Lagrangian mechanics

Many have thought that symmetries of a Lagrangian explain the standard laws of energy, momentum, and angular momentum conservation in a rather straightforward way. In this paper, I argue that the explanation of conservation laws via symmetries of Lagrangians involves complications that have not been adequately noted in the philosophical literature and some of the physics literature on the subject. In fact, such complications show that the principles that are commonly appealed to to drive explanations of conservation laws are not generally correct without caveats. I hope here to give a clearer picture of the relationship between symmetries and conservation laws in Lagrangian mechanics via an examination of the bearing that results in the inverse problem in the calculus of variations have on this topic.     

Inhibitory effect of ouabain on in vitro and in vivo gastric acid secretion in the frog and the rat

The in vitro and in vivo effects of ouabain on gastric acid secretion in the frog and the rat, the 2 species known to have different sensitivity to ouabain, were studied. It was found that ouabain was a potent inhibitor of histamine-stimulated acid secretion in the isolated frog gastric mucosa. Ouabain administered i.v. at dose levels far below the lethal range also produced a marked and significant reduction of histamine-stimulated gastric acid secretion in the anesthetized frogs and rats. It is considered that the inhibitory effect of ouabain on acid secretion could be partly related to its specific antagonizing action on the Na+ -K+ -ATPase in the gastric mucosa.     

Kant and the scope of analogy in the life sciences

In the present paper I investigate the role that analogy plays in eighteenth-century biology and in Kant's philosophy of biology. I will argue that according to Kant, biology, as it was practiced in the eighteenth century, is fundamentally based on analogical reflection. However, precisely because biology is based on analogical reflection, biology cannot be a proper science. I provide two arguments for this interpretation. First, I argue that although analogical reflection is, according to Kant, necessary to comprehend the nature of organisms, it is also necessarily insufficient to fully comprehend the nature of organisms. The upshot of this argument is that for Kant our understanding of organisms is necessarily limited. Second, I argue that Kant did not take biology to be a proper science because biology was based on analogical arguments. I show that Kant stemmed from a philosophical tradition that did not assign analogical arguments an important justificatory role in natural science. Analogy, according to this conception, does not provide us with apodictically certain cognition. Hence, sciences based on analogical arguments cannot constitute proper sciences.