水稻叶色突变研究进展

水稻叶色突变体表型变异明显,易于观察、利用和鉴别.叶色相关基因在水稻叶绿体形成与发育、叶绿素代谢等过程中,具有极其重要的作用.目前,在水稻所有的染色体中都发现了控制叶色相关的基因.文章从叶绿素合成、降解、水稻叶色突变表型以及叶色变化的分子机制等方面阐述了水稻叶色突变形成的机制.     

一个新水稻低温敏感叶色突变体tcm11的鉴定及基因定位

对粳稻嘉花1号经~(60)Coγ诱变处理获得的稳定遗传低温敏感叶色突变体tcm11(thermo-sensitive chloroplast mutant 11)进行了表型鉴定与遗传分析.在20℃条件下,该突变体三叶期之前幼苗均表现为黄色,光合色素含量明显下降,叶绿体发育不完整,从第4叶开始逐渐转为浅黄绿色直至最后死亡.而在32℃条件下,其表型与野生型相比没有明显差异,具有低温敏感属性.通过对培矮64S与tcm11杂交的F_2代分离群体进行遗传分析,发现该低温敏感突变体性状是受单个隐性核基因(tcm11)控制,利用图位克隆技术对tcm11进行定位,将其定位在第11号染色体的InDel分子标记ID13252与SSR分子标记MM1361之间一个约1 566 kb的区域内.这也为后续的研究奠定了基础.     

水稻标准叶色卡：—崭新一代的稻叶比色工具

五十年代,江苏农科院农民研究员陈永康提出了水稻“三黄三黑”的规律性认识,把中国传统的看天看地看庄稼的三看经验施肥法提高了一大步。据有关单位研究证明,叶色是水稻生长过程中对肥水条件和体内代谢水平反映最为敏感的指标。水稻叶片内氮     

一个新的水稻幼苗黄叶突变体的遗传分析及其基因的初步定位

在60Coγ射线辐照的水稻突变体库中,发现了一个以粳稻品种日本晴为遗传背景的幼苗叶色黄化突变体syl11(seedling yellow leaf 11).与野生型相比,突变体幼苗第二和第三叶表现黄色,在其完全展开之前叶片自其顶端开始转绿,长到四叶期其叶色恢复正常;并且该突变体syl11幼苗黄色叶片光合色素含量明显下降.遗传分析表明,该突变体的遗传性状由1对隐性核基因控制.本研究以培矮64S/syl11的F2代突变型植株作为定位群体,应用微卫星(SSR)分子标记以及新发展的InDel分子标记,将基因syl11定位在水稻第11号染色体长臂上的RM26652和处于着丝粒附近的ID11974分子标记之间,其遗传距离分别为0.5 cM和0.7 cM.     

水稻低温敏感叶色突变体tcd32鉴定与遗传分析

对粳稻"嘉花1号"经60Coγ诱变处理获得的稳定遗传低温敏感叶色突变体tcd32进行了表型鉴定与遗传分析.在20℃条件下,该突变体表现为白色,光合色素含量明显下降,叶绿体发育不完整,植株最终枯萎死亡;在25℃条件下,三叶期之前幼苗表现为黄色,从第四叶开始逐渐转为黄绿色,光合色素含量也明显下降;而在30℃条件下,其表型与野生型(WT)相比没有明显差异.通过对培矮64S与tcd32杂交的F2代分离群体进行遗传分析,结果表明:该低温敏感叶色突变体性状是受一对隐性核基因(tcd32)控制,利用图位克隆技术将tcd32基因定位在水稻第3染色体上顶端537 kb区域内,发现TCD32是一个新的水稻早期叶绿体发育相关基因.     

拟南芥叶色突变体ems3的基因定位

ems3是经甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变筛选得到的一拟南芥叶色突变体.通过背景纯化与遗传分析,发现ems3突变体是单基因隐性控制.利用图位克隆的方法对叶色基因EMS3进行了定位,结果表明:EMS3位于第5条染色体分子标记MHF15和MHF152之间55kb的区间内.生物信息预测,该区间包括有16个基因.这些结果为该基因的克隆及叶绿体发育过程中的功能研究奠定了基础.     

大麦叶色转换突变系的转换特性及其基因控制

对大麦叶色转换突变系的研究结果表明：大麦叶色转换突变系的叶色转换特性是受遗传与环境因素共同控制的,植株转色的表现要有适宜外界环境条件的诱导,否则与其它间类型的大麦无异;植株转色的根本原因是叶根素合成代谢变化的结果,突变系转色期间叶绿素的合成过程受阻,且受阻部位在ＡＬＡ形成之后;突变系叶色转换特性的表现是由隐性、单核基因控制的．     

水稻抽穗期基因研究进展

水稻抽穗期是重要的农艺性状,近年来,随着分子生物学及水稻基因组学的发晨,水稻抽穗期基因发掘、定位和克隆取得较大的进展,文章对水稻抽穗期QTL定位、上位性遗传,QTL与环境互作、基因克隆研究等方面的进展进行了简单综述.     

一个水稻白化致死突变体abl25鉴定及其基因定位

经Co60辐照的粳稻嘉花1号得到一个新的致死白化突变体albino lethal 25(abl25),该突变体从发芽至4叶期表现为白化苗,之后逐渐死亡.与野生型嘉花1号相比,abl25突变体的叶绿素含量和类胡萝卜素的含量大大降低,叶绿体结构不正常,说明其叶绿体发育受到严重阻碍,导致植物死亡.遗传分析表明:该突变体受一对隐性核基因(abl25)控制,进一步利用abl25与广占63S杂交的F2分离群体,将该突变体基因(abl25)定位于第2染色体上SSR标记RM424与Indel分子标记ID7330之间,随后利用新开发的分子标记和扩大群体将其定位在Indel分子标记ID9111和ID9261之间的150 kb内,发现abl25是一个新的水稻苗期白化致死基因.     

Genetic analysis and mapping of rice （Oryza sativa L.） male-sterile （OsMS-L） mutant

A rice male-sterile mutant OsMS-L of japonica cultivar 9522 background, was obtained in M4 population treated with ^60Co γ-Ray. Genetic analysis indicated that the male.sterile phenotype was controlled by a single recessive gene. Results of tissue section showed that at microspore stage, OsMS-L tapetum was retarded. Then tapetal calls expanded and microspores degenerated. No matured pollens were observed in OsMS-L anther locus. To map OsMS-L locus, an F2 population was constructed from the cross between the OsMS-L (japonica) and LongTeFu B(indica). Firstly, the OsMS-L locus was roughly mapped between two SSR markers, RM109 and RM7562 on chromosome 2. And then eleven polymorphic markers were developed for further fine fine-mapping. At last the OsMS-L locus was mapped between the two lnDel markers, Lhsl0 and Lhs6 with genetic distance of 0.4 cM, respectively. The region was delimited to 133 kb. All these results were useful for further cloning and functional analysis of OsMS-L.     

Genetic analysis and gene fine mapping for a rice novel mutant （rl9〈t）） with rolling leaf character

Much attention has been paid to leaf shape of rice in the process of ideotype breeding[1]. Several authors have reported that the rolling of leaf in some degree helps keep it erect, consequently optimizing canopy light transmission condition, which is good for dry matter accumulation and for high yield[2―6]. Rice as a polymorphic crop has many types of vari- ety with different morphologies. In terms of leaf shape, different cultivars with rolling leaf have been identifiedin rice germplasm. Le…     

水稻新资源温敏核不育系长S育性基因的等位性测验

长S来自普通野生稻与籼稻珍珠矮杂交后代。在自然条件下,长S表现为长日高温可育、低温不育,且育性转换明显。经等位性测验,长S与C815S、广占63S、株1S、湘陵628S及HD9802S的育性基因等位,而与HN5S、培矮64S的育性基因不等位。     

水稻小GTP蛋白OsRab5A的表达、纯化和GTP结合分析

小GTP结合蛋白是一类在细胞内的运输过程中重要作用的蛋白。它们通过结合子GTP而激活 ,当GTP被水解为GDP后处于非活性状态。哺乳动物中的研究表明 ,Rab5A蛋白是细胞内的形成早期内吞体 (earlyendosome)的限速因子。证实了所克隆的水稻rab5A基因编码的蛋白具有GTP结合功能。将Osrab5A基因的编码序列按正确读码框重组到pGEX4T1载体中 ,转化大肠杆菌BL2 1(DE3) ,电泳判定插入片段大小无误后 ,进一步测序鉴定其读码也无误。将该克隆命名为pG_5AE。以IPTG诱导 pG_5AE所编码的融合蛋白GST_OsRab5A的表达。SDS_PAGE电泳与无外源质粒和表达谷胱甘肽硫转移酶 (GST)的对照相比 ,得到了预计大小的融合蛋白。以GSTrapTM亲和柱纯化融合蛋白。在不同的泳道分离纯化的融合蛋白和作为对照的含GST以及无外源蛋白的细菌总蛋白 ,电转移到硝酸纤维膜上。将该膜与α_3 2 PGTP温育 ,洗膜 ,放射自显影后 ,获得了融合蛋白结合GTP的结果 ,这表明在原核中表达出的水稻Rab5A蛋白能在体外结合GTP。     

一个新的水稻矮秆突变体sd-sl的遗传与基因定位研究

新的矮秆基因的发掘、研究和利用对水稻育种和植物生长发育机制研究有重要的作用.用60Coγ射线辐照粳稻9522,获得一个能稳定遗传的突变体.该突变体表型为株高较野生型矮,叶片短而微卷.将该突变体与籼稻广陆矮杂交,F2代呈3∶1分离,说明该突变体受隐性单基因控制.通过InDel分子标记对F2代分离群体进行遗传定位,将该基因定位于第6染色体InDel标记OS604附近.随后又发展了多对有多态性的InDel分子标记,将该基因座位精细定位在InDel标记XL6-6和XL6-1之间,AP003490和AP005619上,两个引物之间的物理距离为118 kb.本研究为该克隆基因及其作用机理的探究奠定了基础.     

Molecular evolution of rice S 5 n and functional comparison among different sequences

The wide compatibility gene, S ₅ ⁿ , can overcome embryo sac sterility between indica and japonica subspecies of rice. Therefore, it is very important to characterize the features of the S ₅ ⁿ sequence to reveal the origin and evolution of S ₅ ⁿ . In this paper, 26 cultivated rice haplotypes and 22 wild rice accessions harboring S ₅ ⁿ were used to sequence S ₅ ⁿ . The results showed that 15 genotypes among the 48 materials were fully consistent with control cultivar 02428 (CK). The other 33 accessions had different degrees of variation in the S ₅ ⁿ sequence. Variations in the coding region mainly occurred in the second exon and eight materials showed a 10-bp deletion at 1710?C1719 bp, including wild (O. nivara) and cultivated rice, such as IRW501 and Yuetai B. S ₅ ⁿ sequences were not biased and evolved neutrally. The 48 materials could be divided into 4 categories using a phylogenetic tree of the amino acid sequences. Most of the wild rice clustered together, and the cultivated rice clustered into another group. Eight cultivated rice and O. nivara (wild rice) clustered in another group, which were found to lack 10 consecutive bases in exon 2. Eight rice varieties with high numbers of differences in their S ₅ ⁿ coding regions were crossed with testers (typically indica and japonica) to produced test cross F₁ populations. The F₁s were examined for their ability to overcome indica-japonica hybrid sterility. The result showed that the embryo sac fertility of S ₅ ⁿ -containing hybrids increased significantly compared with control hybrids, but there were no differences among the materials with divergent sequences, indirectly proving that S ₅ ⁿ is a non-functional gene.     

Genetic analysis and gene fine mapping of a rolling leaf mutant (<Emphasis Type="Italic">rl</Emphasis><Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">11(t)</Emphasis></Subscript>) in rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.)

The exploration of new genes controlling rice leaf shape is an important foundation for rice functional genomics and plant archi-tecture improvement. In the present study, we identified a rolling leaf mutant from indica variety Yuefeng B, named rl_11(t), which exhibited reduced plant height, rolling and narrow leaves. Leaves in rl_11(t) mutant showed abnormal number and morphology of veins compared with those in wild type plants. In addition, rl_11(t) mutant was less sensitive to the inhibitory effect of auxin than the wild type. Genetic analysis suggested that the mutant was controlled by a single recessive gene. Gene Rl_11(t) was initially mapped between SSR markers RM6089 and RM124 on chromosome 4. Thirty-two new STS markers around the Rl_11(t) region were developed for fine mapping. A physical map encompassing the Rl_11(t) locus was constructed and the target gene was finally delimited to a 31.6 kb window between STS4-25 and STS4-26 on BAC AL606645. This provides useful information for cloning of Rl_11(t) gene.     

水稻S_5区候选克隆R2I19的筛选及序列信息学分析

以水稻广亲和品种Cpslo17为材料 ,构建了一个覆盖 9倍核基因组的cosmid文库 ,其平均插入片段约4 0kb。以与广亲和位点紧密联锁的单拷贝分子标记BAC2 3D12的R末端为探针 ,从cosmid文库中筛选得到一个阳性克隆R2I19(～ 32kb)。结合S5位点的高密度连锁图和物理图谱 ,初步确定为S5区候选克隆。对该克隆的 2个TAC亚克隆TRW15 10 (～ 15kb)及TRW15 17(～ 15kb)进行了初步的生物信息学分析 ,证实与已知的水稻基因组序列有很高的同源性 ,并显示其中可能含有与水稻育性相关的基因。     

生物鉴定和喂养试验证明GNA赋予转基因水稻纯系对褐飞虱的抗性

参照Rao等（1998）的褐飞虱生物鉴定和喂养方法,用水稻褐飞虱生物Ⅰ型的－龄若虫食喂,用基因枪法获得2个转基因水稻纯系。这2个纯系均含有并表达潮霉素抗性基因（hpt),gusA报告基因和雪花莲凝集素基因（gna)。褐飞虱生物鉴定和喂养试验表明,水稻纯系对褐飞虱具有显著的抑制作用。具体表现为降低褐飞虱成活率和繁殖力、延缓褐虱发育以及减少褐飞虱进食是。通过褐飞虱生物鉴定和喂养试验证明,表达GNA的转基因水稻纯系对严重危害水稻生产的褐飞虱具有抗性作用。