Performance of a combined capacitor based on ultrafine nickel oxide/carbon nanotubes composite electrodes

A new sol-gel process for the preparation of ultrafine nickel hydroxide electrode materials was developed. The composite electrodes consisting of carbon nanotubes and Ni(OH)₂ were developed by mixing the hydroxide and carbon nanotubes together in different mass ratios. In order to enhance energy density, a combined type pseudocapacitor/electric double layer capacitor was considered and its electrochemical properties were characterized by cyclic voltammetry and dc charge/discharge test. The combined capacitor shows excellent capacitor behavior with an operating voltage up to 1.6 V in KOH aqueous electrolyte. Stable charge/discharge behaviors were observed with much higher specific capacitance values of 24 F/g compared with that of EDLC (12F/g) by introducing 60% Ni(OH)₂ in the anode material. By using the modified anode of a Ni(OH)₂/carbon nanotubes composite electrode, the specific capacitance of the cell was less sensitive to discharge current density compared with that of the capacitor employing pure nickel hydroxide as anode. The combined capacitor in this study exhibits high energy density and stable power characteristics.     

Sonochemical synthesis of nanostructured nickel hydroxide as an electrode material for improved electrochemical energy storage application

A facile and fast approach for the synthesis of a nanostructured nickel hydroxide(Ni(OH)_2) via sonochemical technique is reported in the present study. The X-ray diffraction results confirmed that the synthesized Ni(OH)_2 was oriented in β-phase of hexagonal brucite structure. The nanostructured Ni(OH)_2 electrode exhibited the maximum specific capacitance of 1256 F/g at a current density of 200 mA/g in 1 M KOH_((aq)). Ni(OH)_2 electrodes exhibited the pseudocapacitive behavior due to the presence of redox reaction. It also exhibited long-term cyclic stability of 85% after 2000 cycles, suggesting that the nanostructured Ni(OH)_2 electrode will play a promising role for high performance supercapacitor application.     

Shape controllable preparations of PbS nanocrystals using cysteine as the precursor of S^2- ions

Flowerlike, spherical and cubic PbS nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized by refluxing cysteine and lead nitrate in an alkaline solu- tion. The influences of the cysteine to Pb2 molar ratio, the pH value of the reaction mixture as well as the refluxing time on the shape of PbS nanoparticles were investigated. Detailed experimental results demonstrated that a higher molar ratio of cysteine to Pb2 (5.2:1) and shorter refluxing time favor the for- mation of flowerlike PbS nanoparticles at pH 9.0. While lower pH value (8.0) favors the formation of spherical PbS nanoparticles, and higher pH value (10.0), however, favors the formation of cubic PbS nanoparticles. The mechanism for the shape control of PbS nanoparticles is discussed.     

Recycling of Spent Nickel-Cadmium Batteries

A technique for recycling spent nickel-cadmium batteries, which makes separaion of cadmium and nickel possible, is developed by laboratory-scale experiments. NH₃-H₂CO₃ aqueous solution was used in this leaching technique. Since neutralization and/or solvent extraction were not required in the separation procedure of nickel and cadmium, the closed systemizaion of the process becomes possible. Experimental results show that, (1) if the NH₃ concentraion of leaching solution is sufficiently high and the ratio of H₂CO₃ to NH₃ is properly adjusted, both Ni(OH)₂ and Cd(OH)₂ react with NH, and quickly dissolve into leaching solution, and (2) Ni(OH)₂ can be converted into insoluble NiO by calcination at 500℃, and CdO from Cd(OH)₂ by calcination maintains good solubility in NH₃-H₂CO₃ aqueous solution. As a conclusion, the recycling technique characterized by two step leaching can be developed based on such changes in dissolution behavior by calcination. Meanwhile, the yields of 99.8% for nickel and 97.6% for cadmium are obtained, and the purities of recovered nickel and cadmium are 99.9% and 98.6%, respectively.     

A study on nano-sized NiO electrodes doping with C and Co prepared by electrochemical deposition-sintering processes and their capacitance performance

In the present work, it was studied that nanoosized NiO electrodes doping with C and Co were prepared by electrochemical deposition in an ethanol solution containing nickel nitrate and cobalt nitrate and sintering processes. The capacitance performance of such electrodes was also studied. The results reveal that samples obtained by electrochemical deposition first on a porous nickel cathode in an ethanol solution contain 0.5 mol/L nitrates, in which Ni(NO3)2 and Co(NO3)2 were mixed in a molar proportion of 8 : 2. After sintering at 300℃ for 2 h, they exhibited the best performance. XRD analysis illustrates that the essential phase of the product is NiO doping with certain content of C and Co. The particles of product imaged a spherical morphology with sizes of 20---30 nm in diameter, and with an average crystal size of 4--5 nm. The capacitance measurement of the simulating C/NiO capacitors indicates that a single electrode can reach as high as 410.0 F/g, and still maintain the value of 323 F/g after 30 recycles showed as a stabilized value with increasing recycles, when it was discharged at a current of 5 mA.     

Erosion–corrosion behavior of austenitic cast iron in an acidic slurry medium

A series of austenitic cast iron samples with different compositions were cast and a part of nickel in the samples was replaced by manganese for economic reason. Erosion–corrosion tests were conducted under 2wt% sulfuric acid and 15wt% quartz sand. The results show that the matrix of cast irons remains austenite after a portion of nickel is replaced with manganese.(Fe,Cr)3C is a common phase in the cast irons, and nickel is the main alloying element in high-nickel cast iron; whereas,(Fe,Mn)3C is observed with the increased manganese content in low-nickel cast iron. Under erosion–corrosion tests, the weight-loss rates of the cast irons increase with increasing time. Wear plays a more important role than corrosion in determining the weight loss. It is indicated that the processes of weight loss for the cast irons with high and low nickel contents are different. The erosion resistance of the cast iron containing 7.29wt% nickel and 6.94wt% manganese is equivalent to that of the cast iron containing 13.29wt% nickel.     

Reflection Talbot Effect and Application

The reflection Talbot effect under the illumination of Gaussian spherical wave and plane wave is observed on 1D and 2D photonic crystal of silicon prepared by nanosecond laser. It is found that the distance between two adjacent Talbot images increases lineally with increasing of image distance as well as amplification of Talbot images under the illumination of Gaussian spherical wave. The result of theory is coincident with that of experiment, which shows that selecting suitable wavefront shape of input field can enlarge the amplification rate and improve the resolution of Talbot imaging. The reflection Talbot effect will have a lot of good application in microscopy of micro-fabrication on silicon, such as detecting period structures of plasma on line of PLD fabricating.     

K-rich lamellar exsolution in clinopyroxene： Constraint on the depth of peridotite source at Zhimafang

The oriented lamellar K-rich exsolutions within clinopyroxene host were recognized in garnet peridotite massif at Zhimafang in the Sulu ultrahigh pressure metamorphic terrane, eastern China. EMP and TEM analyses revealed that the composition and the index of electron diffraction for this exsolution are corresponding with phlogopite, and the shape is the lamellae with 1 μm in width and 5 to 30 μm in length. Moreover, the topotaxy is that the (001) of K-rich exsolution parallels to (I00) of the clinopyroxene host. The electron diffraction analyzing shows the exsolution is of a 1M polymorphism. The high-resolution lattice fringe image displays the stack features along [001], which only a layer mineral shows. We conclude that the clinopyroxene with IM and K-rich exsolution was probably derived from mantle depths over 240 km, thus resulting from decompressional exsolution in the initial stage of slab exhumation.     

Decoration of C60 nanorods with nickel and their magnetic properties

We studied the coating of C60 nanorods with nickel by electroless plating method and investigated their magnetic properties. The morphology and structure of the nickel layer coated on C60 nanorods were characterized by transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （EDX）, X-ray diffraction （XRD） and Raman spectroscopy. The coated nickel is in the form of nano-sized crystals and becomes a continuous layer as reaction time increases. The hysteresis loop shows a super paramagnetic characteristic similar to that of nanometer-sized nickel particle. These results suggest that the average size of nickel particles on C60 rods is below 10 nm. Our study has shown that electroless plating is an efficient and simple method for coating C60 nanorods with nickel.     

Effect of benzaldehyde on the electrodeposition and corrosion properties of Ni–W alloys

The effect of different concentrations of benzaldehyde on the electrodeposition of Ni–W alloy coatings on a mild steel substrate from a citrate electrolyte was investigated in this study. The electrolytic alkaline bath (pH 8.0) contained stoichiometric amounts of nickel sulfate, sodium tungstate, and trisodium citrate as precursors. The corrosion resistance of the Ni–W-alloy-coated specimens in 0.2 mol/L H₂SO₄ was studied using various electrochemical techniques. Tafel polarization studies reveal that the alloy coatings obtained from the bath containing 50 ppm benzaldehyde exhibit a protection efficiency of 95.33%. The corrosion rate also decreases by 21.5 times compared with that of the blank. A higher charge-transfer resistance of 1159.40 Ω·cm2 and a lower double-layer capacitance of 29.4 μF·cm-2 further confirm the better corrosion resistance of the alloy coating. X-ray diffraction studies reveal that the deposits on the mild steel surface are consisted of nanocrystals. A lower surface roughness value (R_max) of the deposits is confirmed by atomic force microscopy.     

化学包覆CoOOH及其性质

为了代替传统的掺杂CoO工艺，在Ni(OH)2的表面使用化学方法包覆CoOOH，并加入固化步骤，采用该工艺在球形石墨表面进行CoOOH的包覆，对所得到的CoOOH的电化学性能进行测试和研究．研究结果表明，该方法得到的CoOOH具有更好的导电性能，样品的振实密度有了很大的提高．使用该工艺包覆的球型Ni(OH)2作正极活性物质进行的测试表明，此种工艺在提高活性物质利用率和减少电池化成步骤等方面有很高的应用价值。     

针形纳米氢氧化镍的制备及其对镍氢电池性能的影响

以吐温-80为分散剂,在超声波容器中采用沉淀法制备出了氢氧化镍。研究了反应体系在不同PH值下对粉体密度的影响,用XRD和TEM对样品进行了表征,将制得的纳米氢氧化镍与市售微米级球镍以6%的比例混合制成模拟电极并测试其电化学性能,结果表明所制备的材料为纳米级β-Ni(OH)2,微观形貌为针形,且复合模拟电极的放电容量达到256.7 mAh/g,比纯球镍电极提高11%。     

Ni(OH)2的表面修饰对电极性能的影响

采用化学镀的方法在Ni(OH)2粉末表面微包覆一层Co,Ni膜,以此为活性材料 出了与物理掺杂钴方式相比性能更好的Ni(OH)2电极,找出了一种适用于碱性条件下的化学镀活化液。     

花状Ni(OH)2微球的制备及其对尿酸的快速检测

采用微波辅助水热法制备了均匀分级的氢氧化镍(Ni(OH)₂)微球,通过X射线衍射(XRD)仪、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对Ni(OH)₂的组成和形貌进行了表征.Ni(OH)₂微球的平均直径约1.6μm,复杂的花状结构使其具有较大的比表面积.将微球制备成Ni(OH)₂修饰的玻碳电极,并将其用于0.1 mol/L NaOH溶液中尿酸(UA)的检测,该电极具有良好的电催化活性.这种传感器表现出较宽的线性范围(0.1～1.5 mmol/L)和高灵敏度(475.71μA·L/(mmol·cm²)),且有较低的检出限(1.8μmol/L).利用电化学测试对内源性干扰物进行检验,发现Ni(OH)₂微球修饰电极对UA的选择性较好.结果表明:Ni(OH)₂微球在研发无酶尿酸传感器方面具有重要的应用潜力.     

化学镀钴对Ni（OH）2电极性能的影响

早在１９１４年Ｅｄｉｓｏｎ［１］就发现,在Ｎｉ－Ｃｄ及Ｎｉ－Ｆｅ电极正极材料中添加钴可以有效地改善电极性能．随着近年来研究的不断深入,发现钴对Ｎｉ（ＯＨ）２电极性能的影响主要有［２,３］：增加电极的导电性;提高析氧过电位;提高充电效率．在镍电极中添加...     

通过添加水溶性材料提高Ni(OH)_2超级电容器的比电容

采用水热法将聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)作为软性模板合成样品Ni(OH)2-PAM,Ni(OH)2-CTMAB和Ni(OH)2.在PAM和CTMAB的作用下,合成出来的样品有了更多的介孔,并且展现出了较宽的尺寸分布.通过扫描电镜(SEM)可以观察到不同的形貌.Ni(OH)2-PAM和Ni(OH)2-CTMAB基电极在1 A/g的放电密度下的比电容分别是1200 F/g和757 F/g,这大大地高于没加水溶性材料合成的Ni(OH)2样品基的电极的比电容,只有113 F/g.因此,适当的添加一些水溶性材料能够提高电极材料的电化学性能.     

Ni2+-H2O系配位平衡研究

根据络合平衡原理,计算并绘制了Ni2+-H2O系中游离镍(Ⅱ)离子及镍(Ⅱ)的各种羟合配离子浓度的对数(lgc)与溶液pH值关系图及Ni(OH)2条件溶度积的对数(lgKs)与溶液pH值关系图.lgc-pH图描述了Ni(OH)2(s)溶解平衡时,溶液中各种离子的平衡浓度与pH的关系,该图表明:当pH为10.42-11....     

纳米级氢氧化镍与微米级球形氢氧化镍性能比较

为开发高容量、高循环性能镍氢电池,分别使用共沉淀法和固相沉淀转化法,合成了微米级球形氢氧化镍和纳米级氢氧化镍,并对其结构、形貌以及电化学性能进行了对比研究.XRD谱图分析、充放电以及循环伏安测试结果表明,纳米级氢氧化镍比微米级球形氢氧化镍具有更高的电化学活性,而微米级球形氢氧化镍在可逆性、电极循环寿命方面比纳米级氢氧化镍具有更为优越的性能.纳米级氢氧化镍与微米级球形氢氧化镍掺杂使用可收到较好的效果.当纳米级氢氧化镍以质量分数为8%与微米级氢氧化镍掺杂使用时,放电容量提高了约9.6%,同时电极循环性能也得到了一定提高.     

Voltammetric response and electrocatalysis of glassy carbon electrode modified with monolayer nickel hydroxide

The glassy carbon (GC) electrode modified with a monolayer nickel hydroxide (GC/Ni(OH)₂) was prepared by immersion of GC substrate in 1.0×10⁻³ mol/L NiSO₄ solution, and then cyclic voltammetric scanning in 0.20 mol/L KOH. Similarly, GC/Co (OH)₂ electrode was prepared too. The experiments showed that the voltammetric behavior of GC/Ni (OH)₂ electrode in 0.20 mol/L KOH is more stable than that of GC/Co(OH)₂. It was found that the GC/Ni(OH)₂ electrode acts as an effective electrocatalysis for the oxidation of hydrazine. Supported by the Trans-Century Training Program Foundation for the Talents from the State Commission of Education of China and the National Natural Science Foundation of China Liu Shouqing: born in Dec. 1962. Postgraduate     

球形Ni(OH)2包覆钴化合物的积分进料工艺

为提高镍电极活性材料之间的导电性,在电极制作过程中需添加适量的导电剂,通过混合式工艺添加的导电剂,其利用率和分布均匀性受工艺条件的限制,得不到可靠的保证。提出了一种积分进料的工艺方法,在球形Ni(OH)2的表面包覆上了一层钴的化合物;并利用扫描电子显微技术（SEM）对包覆效果进行了分析和研究,对积分进料工艺进行了结晶学方面的分析,提出了积分进料工艺的数学模型。结果表明,包覆层分布均匀、稳定;使用改性后材料制备的镍电极,其电阻降低,活性材料的利用率提高,大电流充放电性能得到了明显的改进。