Rapid planetesimal formation in turbulent circumstellar disks

During the initial stages of planet formation in circumstellar gas disks, dust grains collide and build up larger and larger bodies. How this process continues from metre-sized boulders to kilometre-scale planetesimals is a major unsolved problem: boulders are expected to stick together poorly, and to spiral into the protostar in a few hundred orbits owing to a 'headwind' from the slower rotating gas. Gravitational collapse of the solid component has been suggested to overcome this barrier. But even low levels of turbulence will inhibit sedimentation of solids to a sufficiently dense midplane layer, and turbulence must be present to explain observed gas accretion in protostellar disks. Here we report that boulders can undergo efficient gravitational collapse in locally overdense regions in the midplane of the disk. The boulders concentrate initially in transient high pressure regions in the turbulent gas, and these concentrations are augmented a further order of magnitude by a streaming instability driven by the relative flow of gas and solids. We find that gravitationally bound clusters form with masses comparable to dwarf planets and containing a distribution of boulder sizes. Gravitational collapse happens much faster than radial drift, offering a possible path to planetesimal formation in accreting circumstellar disks.     

Quantification of the disorder in network-modified silicate glasses.

Local order in silicate glasses has been observed by many experimental techniques to be similar to that in crystalline materials. Details of the intermediate-range order are more elusive, but essential for understanding the lack of long-range symmetry in glasses and the effect of composition on glass structure. Two-dimensional 17O dynamic-angle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance experiments reveal intermediate-range order in the distribution of inter-tetrahedral (Si-O-Si) bond angles and a high degree of order in the disposition of oxygen atoms around the network-modifying cations.     

硬盘的维护

从硬盘的日常维护、软硬故障的处理等方面阐述了硬盘的维护方法。     

Rapid disappearance of a warm, dusty circumstellar disk

Stars form with gaseous and dusty circumstellar envelopes, which rapidly settle into disks that eventually give rise to planetary systems. Understanding the process by which these disks evolve is paramount in developing an accurate theory of planet formation that can account for the variety of planetary systems discovered so far. The formation of Earth-like planets through collisional accumulation of rocky objects within a disk has mainly been explored in theoretical and computational work in which post-collision ejecta evolution typically is ignored, although recent work has considered the fate of such material. Here we report observations of a young, Sun-like star (TYC?8241?2652?1) where infrared flux from post-collisional ejecta has decreased drastically, by a factor of about 30, over a period of less than two years. The star seems to have gone from hosting substantial quantities of dusty ejecta, in a region analogous to where the rocky planets orbit in the Solar System, to retaining at most a meagre amount of cooler dust. Such a phase of rapid ejecta evolution has not been previously predicted or observed, and no currently available physical model satisfactorily explains the observations.     

Friction characteristics of floppy disks

This note presents the principle and structure of a tribological measure for floppy disks. The precision of the force measuring system is 1 mN in loading and 3×10⁻⁶ N in friction. The resolution of the film thickness between head and floppy disk is 0.5 nm in the vertical and 1.5 nm in the horizontal direction. In order to investigate the tribological characteristics of floppy disks, six types of floppy disks have been tested and the floating properties of these disks are also studied with film measuring system. The experimental results of the surface morphology and friction coefficient of these floppy disks using the atomic force microscope/friction force mcroscope (AFM/FFM) are in accordance with the conclusion made by our own measuring system. The experimental results show that the air film thickness between head and disk is of the same order as the surface roughness of floppy disks.     

Identification of iron sulphide grains in protoplanetary disks

Sulphur is depleted in cold dense molecular clouds with embedded young stellar objects, indicating that most of it probably resides in solid grains. Iron sulphide grains are the main sulphur species in cometary dust particles, but there has been no direct evidence for FeS in astronomical sources, which poses a considerable problem, because sulphur is a cosmically abundant element. Here we report laboratory infrared spectra of FeS grains from primitive meteorites, as well as from pyrrhotite ([Fe, Ni](1-x)S) grains in interplanetary dust, which show a broad FeS feature centred at approximately 23.5 micrometres. A similar broad feature is seen in the infrared spectra of young stellar objects, implying that FeS grains are an important but previously unrecognized component of circumstellar dust. The feature had previously been attributed to FeO. The observed astronomical line strengths are generally consistent with the depletion of sulphur from the gas phase, and with the average Galactic sulphur/silicon abundance ratio. We conclude that the missing sulphur has been found.     

Detection of carbonates in dust shells around evolved stars.

Carbonates on large Solar System bodies like Earth and Mars (the latter represented by the meteorite ALH84001) form through the weathering of silicates in a watery (CO3)2- solution. The presence of carbonates in interplanetary dust particles and asteroids (again, represented by meteorites) is not completely understood, but has been attributed to aqueous alteration on a large parent body, which was subsequently shattered into smaller pieces. Despite efforts, the presence of carbonates outside the Solar System has hitherto not been established. Here we report the discovery of the carbonates calcite and dolomite in the dust shells of evolved stars, where the conditions are too primitive for the formation of large parent bodies with liquid water. These carbonates, therefore, are not formed by aqueous alteration, but perhaps through processes on the surfaces of dust or ice grains or gas phase condensation. The presence of carbonates which did not form by aqueous alteration suggests that some of the carbonates found in Solar System bodies no longer provide direct evidence that liquid water was present on large parent bodies early in the history of the Solar System.     

硅酸盐细菌的选育及其脱硅效果研究

为了找到能从高硅含量铝土矿中脱硅的细菌，利用常规微生物筛选技术，从硅酸盐肥料中筛选到3株编号为JXF-1，JXF-2，JXF-3菌株，通过形态学研究，并与标准的胶质芽孢杆菌的生化特征比较，表明JXF细菌为胶质芽孢杆菌。使用JXF-1菌株对5种不同铝硅酸盐矿物的铝土矿进行了生物脱硅条件试验研究及脱硅效果分析，表明该硅酸盐细菌具有一定的脱硅能力。     

Posterior-to-anterior transformation in engrailed wing imaginal disks of Drosophila

Segments in the Drosophila adult are divided into clonally distinct anterior and posterior compartments. Mutations at the engrailed locus can affect the pattern of cuticular structures in the posterior compartments of segments, but have no obvious effect on anterior structures; for example, bristles that are normally seen only on the anterior wing margin in wild-type flies can be found on the posterior margin of engrailed wings. These and clonal analysis data led to the hypothesis that engrailed causes a transformation of posterior to anterior identity in the wing cells. Despite some striking examples of this transformation, a common engrailed phenotype is the disruption or elimination of posterior pattern elements, without a clear replacement by anterior structures; this, together with indications that localized cell death can mimic some of the observed posterior-to-anterior transformations, has led some investigators to question the original engrailed hypothesis. Recently, monoclonal antibodies displaying region-specific binding patterns on the wing imaginal disk have been described, and one of these antibodies in particular provides a novel probe for the engrailed phenotype in the larval precursors of the adult wing. Here I compare the antibody binding patterns on engrailed and wild-type wing disks. The results strongly support the notion that engrailed mutations cause a posterior-to-anterior transformation in these cells.     

磁盘冗余阵列技术解析

采用磁盘冗余阵列(Redundant Array of Disks 简称 RAID)技术存储数据,可以实现不同等级的冗余和错误修复。RAIDO 只是简单地增加了存储的容量和数据的操作速度,RAIDI 实现了数据的镜像备份,RAID3则具有效据的检错和纠错功能。各种 RAID 技术的结合是一个符合服务器大容量硬盘、数据安全性和服务器运行速度等综合要求的廉价解决方案。     

YCe-TZP陶瓷的低温时效

对化学共沉淀法制备的3Y-TZP,3Y2Ce-TZP(3％Y2O3-2％CeO2-ZrO2)和3Y4Ce-TZP(3％Y2O3-4％CeO2-ZrO2)纳米粉末进行了1450℃无压烧结,研究了这3种TZP陶瓷在250℃水蒸汽中时效150h前后抗弯强度和显微结构的变化．此外,结合红外光谱和EDAX能谱分析,探讨了3Y-TZP的时效老化机理．结果表明随着CeO2含量增加,TZP时效后抗弯强度的降低幅度减小,3Y4Ce-TZP几乎不发生时效老化现象;在时效过程中,3Y4Ce-TZP表面形成了CeO2保护层,防止了Y-OH键的形成,从而有效地抑制了t→m时效相变．     

均匀设计在硅酸盐工业中的应用

均匀设计是一种具有试验次数少、代表性强的新的优化设计方法,具有广泛的用途。本文从均匀设计的基本原理出发,探讨了均匀设计在硅酸盐工业中的应用。     

The crystallization and noncrystallization in the diffusion process of Ag ultrafine particles

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结晶过程中溶液溶解度的在线检测

溶解度和过饱和度是溶液结晶动力学的重要参数。建立了溶解度在线测量的实验装置，以KNO