Rapid planetesimal formation in turbulent circumstellar disks

During the initial stages of planet formation in circumstellar gas disks, dust grains collide and build up larger and larger bodies. How this process continues from metre-sized boulders to kilometre-scale planetesimals is a major unsolved problem: boulders are expected to stick together poorly, and to spiral into the protostar in a few hundred orbits owing to a 'headwind' from the slower rotating gas. Gravitational collapse of the solid component has been suggested to overcome this barrier. But even low levels of turbulence will inhibit sedimentation of solids to a sufficiently dense midplane layer, and turbulence must be present to explain observed gas accretion in protostellar disks. Here we report that boulders can undergo efficient gravitational collapse in locally overdense regions in the midplane of the disk. The boulders concentrate initially in transient high pressure regions in the turbulent gas, and these concentrations are augmented a further order of magnitude by a streaming instability driven by the relative flow of gas and solids. We find that gravitationally bound clusters form with masses comparable to dwarf planets and containing a distribution of boulder sizes. Gravitational collapse happens much faster than radial drift, offering a possible path to planetesimal formation in accreting circumstellar disks.     

Quantification of the disorder in network-modified silicate glasses.

Local order in silicate glasses has been observed by many experimental techniques to be similar to that in crystalline materials. Details of the intermediate-range order are more elusive, but essential for understanding the lack of long-range symmetry in glasses and the effect of composition on glass structure. Two-dimensional 17O dynamic-angle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance experiments reveal intermediate-range order in the distribution of inter-tetrahedral (Si-O-Si) bond angles and a high degree of order in the disposition of oxygen atoms around the network-modifying cations.     

硬盘的维护

从硬盘的日常维护、软硬故障的处理等方面阐述了硬盘的维护方法。     

Rapid disappearance of a warm, dusty circumstellar disk

Stars form with gaseous and dusty circumstellar envelopes, which rapidly settle into disks that eventually give rise to planetary systems. Understanding the process by which these disks evolve is paramount in developing an accurate theory of planet formation that can account for the variety of planetary systems discovered so far. The formation of Earth-like planets through collisional accumulation of rocky objects within a disk has mainly been explored in theoretical and computational work in which post-collision ejecta evolution typically is ignored, although recent work has considered the fate of such material. Here we report observations of a young, Sun-like star (TYC?8241?2652?1) where infrared flux from post-collisional ejecta has decreased drastically, by a factor of about 30, over a period of less than two years. The star seems to have gone from hosting substantial quantities of dusty ejecta, in a region analogous to where the rocky planets orbit in the Solar System, to retaining at most a meagre amount of cooler dust. Such a phase of rapid ejecta evolution has not been previously predicted or observed, and no currently available physical model satisfactorily explains the observations.     

Identification of iron sulphide grains in protoplanetary disks

Sulphur is depleted in cold dense molecular clouds with embedded young stellar objects, indicating that most of it probably resides in solid grains. Iron sulphide grains are the main sulphur species in cometary dust particles, but there has been no direct evidence for FeS in astronomical sources, which poses a considerable problem, because sulphur is a cosmically abundant element. Here we report laboratory infrared spectra of FeS grains from primitive meteorites, as well as from pyrrhotite ([Fe, Ni](1-x)S) grains in interplanetary dust, which show a broad FeS feature centred at approximately 23.5 micrometres. A similar broad feature is seen in the infrared spectra of young stellar objects, implying that FeS grains are an important but previously unrecognized component of circumstellar dust. The feature had previously been attributed to FeO. The observed astronomical line strengths are generally consistent with the depletion of sulphur from the gas phase, and with the average Galactic sulphur/silicon abundance ratio. We conclude that the missing sulphur has been found.     

Detection of carbonates in dust shells around evolved stars.

Carbonates on large Solar System bodies like Earth and Mars (the latter represented by the meteorite ALH84001) form through the weathering of silicates in a watery (CO3)2- solution. The presence of carbonates in interplanetary dust particles and asteroids (again, represented by meteorites) is not completely understood, but has been attributed to aqueous alteration on a large parent body, which was subsequently shattered into smaller pieces. Despite efforts, the presence of carbonates outside the Solar System has hitherto not been established. Here we report the discovery of the carbonates calcite and dolomite in the dust shells of evolved stars, where the conditions are too primitive for the formation of large parent bodies with liquid water. These carbonates, therefore, are not formed by aqueous alteration, but perhaps through processes on the surfaces of dust or ice grains or gas phase condensation. The presence of carbonates which did not form by aqueous alteration suggests that some of the carbonates found in Solar System bodies no longer provide direct evidence that liquid water was present on large parent bodies early in the history of the Solar System.     

YCe-TZP陶瓷的低温时效

对化学共沉淀法制备的3Y-TZP,3Y2Ce-TZP(3％Y2O3-2％CeO2-ZrO2)和3Y4Ce-TZP(3％Y2O3-4％CeO2-ZrO2)纳米粉末进行了1450℃无压烧结,研究了这3种TZP陶瓷在250℃水蒸汽中时效150h前后抗弯强度和显微结构的变化．此外,结合红外光谱和EDAX能谱分析,探讨了3Y-TZP的时效老化机理．结果表明随着CeO2含量增加,TZP时效后抗弯强度的降低幅度减小,3Y4Ce-TZP几乎不发生时效老化现象;在时效过程中,3Y4Ce-TZP表面形成了CeO2保护层,防止了Y-OH键的形成,从而有效地抑制了t→m时效相变．     

均匀设计在硅酸盐工业中的应用

均匀设计是一种具有试验次数少、代表性强的新的优化设计方法,具有广泛的用途。本文从均匀设计的基本原理出发,探讨了均匀设计在硅酸盐工业中的应用。     

Posterior-to-anterior transformation in engrailed wing imaginal disks of Drosophila

Segments in the Drosophila adult are divided into clonally distinct anterior and posterior compartments. Mutations at the engrailed locus can affect the pattern of cuticular structures in the posterior compartments of segments, but have no obvious effect on anterior structures; for example, bristles that are normally seen only on the anterior wing margin in wild-type flies can be found on the posterior margin of engrailed wings. These and clonal analysis data led to the hypothesis that engrailed causes a transformation of posterior to anterior identity in the wing cells. Despite some striking examples of this transformation, a common engrailed phenotype is the disruption or elimination of posterior pattern elements, without a clear replacement by anterior structures; this, together with indications that localized cell death can mimic some of the observed posterior-to-anterior transformations, has led some investigators to question the original engrailed hypothesis. Recently, monoclonal antibodies displaying region-specific binding patterns on the wing imaginal disk have been described, and one of these antibodies in particular provides a novel probe for the engrailed phenotype in the larval precursors of the adult wing. Here I compare the antibody binding patterns on engrailed and wild-type wing disks. The results strongly support the notion that engrailed mutations cause a posterior-to-anterior transformation in these cells.     

The crystallization and noncrystallization in the diffusion process of Ag ultrafine particles

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磁盘冗余阵列技术解析

采用磁盘冗余阵列(Redundant Array of Disks 简称 RAID)技术存储数据,可以实现不同等级的冗余和错误修复。RAIDO 只是简单地增加了存储的容量和数据的操作速度,RAIDI 实现了数据的镜像备份,RAID3则具有效据的检错和纠错功能。各种 RAID 技术的结合是一个符合服务器大容量硬盘、数据安全性和服务器运行速度等综合要求的廉价解决方案。     

沥青混合料老化后的低温性能

沥青路面的耐久性与沥青混合料抗老化性能密切相关。为了研究老化对沥青混合料低温性能的影响,通过对2种级配的基质沥青和改性沥青混合料老化后的低温弯曲试验,分析了老化作用对其低温性能的影响。结果表明:细级配混合料低温性能要优于粗级配混合料,但老化后弯拉应变衰减幅度大;改性沥青混合料的低温性能好于基质沥青混合料,且其老化后弯拉应变衰减幅度也较小;长期老化对沥青混合料低温性能的影响最严重。建议在沥青混合料低温性能评价中应考虑老化作用的影响。     

结晶过程中溶液溶解度的在线检测

溶解度和过饱和度是溶液结晶动力学的重要参数。建立了溶解度在线测量的实验装置,以KNO     

粉煤灰在硅酸盐菌剂中的应用

通过比较不同粉煤灰添加量的吸附剂对硅酸盐菌剂质量的影响,得出添加量为20%-40%为好,以30%效果最佳.并通过盆栽试验考察其应用效果,结果显示,添加粉煤灰的处理极显著好于空白处理,与纯草炭处理效果相当.     

钛酸钡陶瓷粉末的低温燃烧合成

以Ba(NO3)2-TiO2-C6H7O8.H2O为体系,在600℃加热进行低温燃烧合成实验,制得粒度为1．2－1．4μm的四方相BaTiO3陶瓷粉体,结果表明燃烧的均匀程度对燃烧产物的相组成和微观结构有很大的影响,通过热力学分析,提出低温燃烧合成BaTiO3陶瓷粉末的形成机理。     

水玻璃砂VRH－CO_2法的研究

通过试验找出了水玻璃砂ＶＲＨ－ＣＯ＿２硬化法的真空度与脱水率及强度的关系。发现在真空脱水时，真空室内有一个降温过程；在本实验条件下最大降温达１１℃。用扫描电镜观察到ＶＲＨ－ＣＯ＿２法的水玻璃粘结膜是由细小而均匀的硅酸胶粒所组成，而普通ＣＯ＿２法的粘结膜是连片的硅酸凝胶结构。提出水玻璃砂ＶＲＨ－ＣＯ＿２法的真空度以１．３３～２．００ｋＰａ为宜，并指出了ＣＯ＿２吹气量及保持时间、原砂质量、残留水分和环境湿度对型砂强度都有很大的影响。     

The critical role of disks in the formation of high-mass stars

Although massive stars (commonly defined as those in excess of about eight solar masses, or with initial luminosities of a thousand times the solar luminosity or more) have an enormous impact on the galactic environment, how they form has been a mystery. The solution probably involves the existence of accretion disks. Rotational motions have been found in the gas surrounding young high-mass stars, which suggests that non-spherical accretion could be the fundamental ingredient of the massive-star formation recipe.     

TVC在低温多效海水淡化装置的应用分析

海水淡化在我国沿海严重缺水地区已经成为一项势在必行的产业,低温多效的海水淡化方式逐步得到应用,市场份额也在增加。TVC是MED—TVC海水淡化装置中的关键性设备,直接影响海水淡化装置运行的经济性和可靠性。通过对TVC的原理及特性曲线进行分析,为海水淡化的设计及运行调整提供参考。