Transition-metal-doped Fe2O3 nanoparticles for oxygen evolution reaction

Hematite(α-Fe_2O_3)has been extensively studied as a promising photocatalyst,with the capacity to split water under visible light.To tune its electronic structure and improve the performance for oxygen evolution reaction(OER),high-quality single crystals ofα-Fe_2O_3nanoparticles were synthesized and doped by various transition metals(M=V,Cr,Mn,Zn,Co,Ni,Cu,Nb,Mo,Ti)by a molten-salt flux method.Optical,electronic and catalytic properties of transition-metal-dopedα-Fe_2O_3(TM-dopedα-Fe_2O_3)have been systematically investigated.Cobalt has been identified as the best dopant forα-Fe_2O_3,reducing the OER overpotential by 0.16 V with respect to the undoped.     

Gene transfer to the nucleus and the evolution of chloroplasts

Photosynthetic eukaryotes, particularly unicellular forms, possess a fossil record that is either wrought with gaps or difficult to interpret, or both. Attempts to reconstruct their evolution have focused on plastid phylogeny, but were limited by the amount and type of phylogenetic information contained within single genes. Among the 210 different protein-coding genes contained in the completely sequenced chloroplast genomes from a glaucocystophyte, a rhodophyte, a diatom, a euglenophyte and five land plants, we have now identified the set of 45 common to each and to a cyanobacterial outgroup genome. Phylogenetic inference with an alignment of 11,039 amino-acid positions per genome indicates that this information is sufficient--but just rarely so--to identify the rooted nine-taxon topology. We mapped the process of gene loss from chloroplast genomes across the inferred tree and found that, surprisingly, independent parallel gene losses in multiple lineages outnumber phylogenetically unique losses by more that 4:1. We identified homologues of 44 different plastid-encoded proteins as functional nuclear genes of chloroplast origin, providing evidence for endosymbiotic gene transfer to the nucleus in plants.     

The origin of red algae and the evolution of chloroplasts

Chloroplast structure and genome analyses support the hypothesis that three groups of organisms originated from the primary photosynthetic endosymbiosis between a cyanobacterium and a eukaryotic host: green plants (green algae + land plants), red algae and glaucophytes (for example, Cyanophora). Although phylogenies based on several mitochondrial genes support a specific green plants/red algae relationship, the phylogenetic analysis of nucleus-encoded genes yields inconclusive, sometimes contradictory results. To address this problem, we have analysed an alternative nuclear marker, elongation factor 2, and included new red algae and protist sequences. Here we provide significant support for a sisterhood of green plants and red algae. This sisterhood is also significantly supported by a multi-gene analysis of a fusion of 13 nuclear markers (5,171 amino acids). In addition, the analysis of an alternative fusion of 6 nuclear markers (1,938 amino acids) indicates that glaucophytes may be the closest relatives to the green plants/red algae group. Thus, our study provides evidence from nuclear markers for a single primary endosymbiosis at the origin of these groups, and supports a kingdom Plantae comprising green plants, red algae and glaucophytes.     

Grain size effect of IrO2 nanocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction

Combined with air annealing, rutile-structured IrO 2 nanoparticles with various sizes were prepared using colloidal method. The nanoparticles were used as the electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acidic media, and their grain size effect was studied. The results show that with the increase in annealing temperature, the grain size of the catalyst increases, and the voltammetric charges (the electroactive areas) and apparent activity for the OER decrease. The relationship between the intrinsic activity and the annealing temperature exhibits a volcano-type curve and the catalyst annealed at 550 ℃ achieved the best result.     

Triple oxygen isotope evidence for elevated CO2 levels after a Neoproterozoic glaciation

Understanding the composition of the atmosphere over geological time is critical to understanding the history of the Earth system, as the atmosphere is closely linked to the lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. Although much of the history of the lithosphere and hydrosphere is contained in rock and mineral records, corresponding information about the atmosphere is scarce and elusive owing to the lack of direct records. Geologists have used sedimentary minerals, fossils and geochemical models to place constraints on the concentrations of carbon dioxide, oxygen or methane in the past. Here we show that the triple oxygen isotope composition of sulphate from ancient evaporites and barites shows variable negative oxygen-17 isotope anomalies over the past 750 million years. We propose that these anomalies track those of atmospheric oxygen and in turn reflect the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (P(CO2)) in the past through a photochemical reaction network linking stratospheric ozone to carbon dioxide and to oxygen. Our results suggest that P(CO2) was much higher in the early Cambrian than in younger eras, agreeing with previous modelling results. We also find that the (17)O isotope anomalies of barites from Marinoan (approximately 635 million years ago) cap carbonates display a distinct negative spike (around -0.70 per thousand), suggesting that by the time barite was precipitating in the immediate aftermath of a Neoproterozoic global glaciation, the P(CO2) was at its highest level in the past 750 million years. Our finding is consistent with the 'snowball Earth' hypothesis and/or a massive methane release after the Marinoan glaciation.     

Multicomponent transition metal phosphide for oxygen evolution

Transition metal phosphides(TMPs)have exhibited decent performance in an oxygen evolution reaction(OER),which is a kinetic bottleneck in many energy storages and conversion systems.Most reported catalysts are composed of three or fewer metallic components.The inherent complexity of multicomponent TMPs with more than four metallic components hinders their investigation in rationally designing the structure and,more importantly,comprehending the component-activity correlation.Through hydrothermal growth and subsequent phosphor-ization,we reported a facile strategy for combining TMPs with tunable elemental compositions(Ni,Fe,Mn,Co,Cu)on a two-dimensional ti-tanium carbide(MXene)flake.The obtained TMPs/MXene hybrid nanostructures demonstrate homogeneously distributed elements.They ex-hibit high electrical conductivity and strong interfacial interaction,resulting in an accelerated reaction kinetics and long-term stability.The res-ults of different component catalysts’OER performance show that NiFeMnCoP/MXene is the most active catalyst,with a low overpotential of 240 mV at 10 mA·cm?2,a small Tafel slope of 41.43 mV·dec?1,and a robust long-term electrochemical stability.According to the electrocata-lytic mechanism investigation,the enhanced NiFeMnCoP/MXene OER performance is due to the strong synergistic effect of the multi-ele-mental composition.Our work,therefore,provides a scalable synthesis route for multi-elemental TMPs and a valuable guideline for efficient MXene-supported catalysts design.     

退火温度对NiCo2O4纳米材料析氧性能的影响

电催化水分解过程中,动力学缓慢的阳极氧析出反应,制约了全水分解制备氢气的效率,因此,制备高效、稳定的析氧催化剂是十分必要的.通过溶剂热和热处理的方法制备了 NiCo2O4纳米颗粒,研究了退火温度对材料电催化析氧性能的影响.通过XRD,Raman,SEM,TEM以及极化曲线测试等研究了不同退火温度下得到材料的结构、形貌和...     

CO_2法防治酒曲害虫的研究

采用食品级CO2防治中、高温酒曲害虫,根据灭杀曲虫重量、曲块损耗率判定防治效果;并对防治前后曲块的理化指标、库房空气中以及曲块中主要微生物种类及数量进行测定,确定该法是否可行;实验研究结果表明:通气处理4 h,保持CO2浓度80%,为CO2防治酒曲害虫的较佳条件,在此条件下,单位重量曲块中灭杀曲虫数为129条/kg,曲块损耗率从12.86%下降到2.19%;库房空气中与曲块中微生物种类及数量均无明显变化;通过该法防治后的酒曲能保持正常、良好的曲香味,且色泽、外观均较好.     

金属-有机框架材料催化析氧反应的研究进展

面对日益严峻的环境问题,我国提出了“碳中和、碳达峰”的宏伟目标,清洁能源是实现双碳目标的有效手段之一。电解水制氢是一种制备清洁能源的重要方法,然而,电解水过程中析氧反应的缓慢动力学和较高过电位是妨碍水裂解效率的关键因素。金属–有机骨架材料（metal-organic framework,MOF）由于其规整的微观结构、较大的比表面积和可调的孔径等优点,被认为是电解水制氢的优异催化剂。综述了MOF材料用于催化析氧反应的最新研究进展,分析了该类材料的设计策略和催化机制。系统归纳了MOF基催化剂的各种调制策略,包括结晶度调制、电子调制、缺陷调制以及形态调制,并且对MOF材料作为析氧反应催化剂面临的挑战和机遇做出了展望。     

新型NjCo2O4电极析氧反应机理

在贱金属铁基上表面化学镀Ni Co P ,然后通过化学复合镀制得Ni Co P Al2 O3中间层 ,复合镀层用 5mol·L- 1NaOH溶液浸出 ,可制得新型Ni Co P微孔活性中间层 ,在中间层上再涂覆匹配性较好的NiCo2 O4表面活性层 ,该活性层是由一定Ni(NO3) 2 和Co(NO3) 2 的量配比通过高温热解而成 .为考察该电极在碱性溶液的析氧反应机理 ,通过恒电位阶跃实验I～t曲线求出了不同时间下的电量Q ,由Q对t1 / 2 作图得Q t1 / 2 曲线 .结果证明 ,Q t1 / 2 曲线为不通过坐标原点的直线 ,说明该析氧电极反应为典型的不可逆反应 .通过对析氧电极反应假想模型进行动力学推算及实验 ,初步确定了电极反应的速度控制步骤 .     

微波激励CO2激光器放电机制

CO2激光器是气体激光器中最重要、用途最广泛的激光器，其激励系统的主要放电方式可分为直流、射频和微放电。介绍了一种利用微波放电获得激光输出的新型激光器，对这种采用最新放电方式激励的激光器均匀放电的机制进行了详细的理论分析，并把由理论推导得出的结果和实验结果作比较，二者吻合一致。     

超临界CO2萃取红景天中甙元酪醇的工艺研究

采用超临界CO2萃取技术提取红景天中的甙元酪醇,通过正交实验优化的萃取条件为：红景天颗粒为细粉、萃取压力20MPa、携带剂乙醇浓度为80％、红景天和乙醇用量之比为1：1．0（M／V）。超临界CO2萃取对甙元酪醇的提取率不高。因此,与其他方法结合才能更有效地发挥出它的优势。     

压缩态CO2萃取除虫菊酯的初步研究

以压缩态CO2为溶剂提取除虫菊花中的除虫菊酯.选用L9(34)正交表,以除虫菊酯平均浓度为指标,分别考察有、无夹带剂存在时,温度、压力、CO2流体流量对萃取效率的影响.结果表明,压力与温度是萃取的主要影响因素;以水作夹带剂可以提高除虫菊酯萃取效率.实验还表明,用现有小合成氨厂高压设备,开发除虫菊酯生产是可行的.     

电解水Ni析O_2电极的研制

在ＫＣｌ稀溶液中用不对称方波脉冲电流氧化Ｎｉ阳极,改变了电极表面性质,增大了电极表观面积。常温下,电流密度２０００Ａ／ｍ２电解３０％ＫＯＨ水溶液时,脉冲电流氧化的Ｎｉ阳极析Ｏ２超电势比普通Ｎｉ阳极下降２６０ｍＶ。     

氨基官能化的扩孔MCM-41复合材料吸附捕集CO_2

制备了扩孔的介孔氧化硅MCM-41,然后以其为载体,通过化学接枝法将3-[2-(2-氨基乙基氨基)乙基氨基]丙基-三甲氧基硅烷嫁接到其介孔结构中,制备了氨基官能化的介孔氧化硅复合材料.通过N2吸附脱附实验、红外光谱、热重分析等手段对氨基官能化前后扩孔MCM-41的物理化学属性进行了表征,然后考察了复合材料对CO2的吸附捕集性能.结果表明:与单纯扩孔MCM-41相比,氨基官能化的扩孔MCM-41复合材料的比表面积、总孔容及孔径均减小;同时,所制复合材料对CO2的吸附量明显增大(两者的CO2吸附量分别为28 mg/g和76 mg/g),且在循环CO2吸附脱附实验中呈现出优异的稳定性.     

乙醇胺/多胺的脱碳研究

工业应用于烟气脱CO2的吸收剂以乙醇胺(MEA)水溶液为主,提高其性能是吸收法脱CO2的关键。对相同浓度的MEA及其与4种多胺,包括N-(2-羟乙基)乙二胺(AEEA)、哌嗪（PZ）、二乙烯三胺(DETA)和三乙烯四胺(TETA),所组成的混胺水溶液(MEA/多胺)对CO2的吸收、再生性能和腐蚀性开展了实验研究。实验结果表明,多胺含量较低的MEA/多胺的吸收和再生性能都较MEA所有提高,腐蚀速度较MEA降低。但是多胺含量增大,再生率有所降低。因此,适当含量多胺的MEA/多胺是较MEA高效的吸收剂;4种混胺中,MEA/DETA和MEA/TETA性能最优。     

室内沙发火灾中CO2和CO气体全尺寸实验模拟

为分析室内家具引起火灾热量、烟气对人造成的危害,在2.4m×2.4m×3.6m的ISO9705标准燃烧间内,对单人沙发进行全尺寸火灾实验模拟,通过测量沙发燃烧产生的热释放速率、CO2和CO有害气体的生成量和产生速率等相关的室内火灾动力学参数,研究沙发燃烧过程中的热释放速率和产生烟气中CO2和CO特性,以及它们之间的相互关系。研究结果为火灾安全性能化设计和计算机模拟提供可靠的实验依据。