碳酸盐岩纵波速度响应特征试验研究

碳酸盐岩地层压力预测是国内外研究难点,主要原因是纵波速度响应特征不明确,传统的地层压力预测模型不能用。为了解决这个技术难题,通过设计室内试验对碳酸盐岩纵波速度响应特征进行了研究,分析得到了影响纵波速度变化的主要因素,即碳酸盐岩骨架速度取决于岩石骨架特征,决定了纵波速度的变化趋势;纵波速度的小幅变化是由孔隙压力引起的。验证了碳酸盐岩地层异常高压的地球物理和孔隙弹性响应特征理论,从室内试验角度对基于孔隙弹性力学理论建立的波速方程的准确性进行了验证,并为建立碳酸盐岩地层孔隙压力预测模型提供了理论依据。     

M区块碳酸盐岩地层压力预测方法探讨

地层压力是钻井工程设计与施工的关键数据。碳酸盐岩地层压力形成机制不明确,没有考虑地层压力与体积弹性模量间的响应特征,导致目前根据欠压实理论和有效应力定律建立的预测模型不适用于预测碳酸盐岩地层压力。根据M地区碳酸盐岩所处的地质特征、地层类型、地层压力分布规律以及测井曲线等现场资料,分析了碳酸盐岩地层异常高压的特点;根据孔隙弹性理论,建立碳酸盐岩地层压力的预测模型,解释了裂缝型碳酸盐岩地层易产生异常高压的原因。研究结果表明,碳酸盐岩地层压力的大小取决于岩石体积弹性模量和地应力。该模型在M区块多口井进行了应用,预测精度达到90%以上,验证了该方法的可行性。     

莺歌海盆地地层超压成因与定量评价方法

地层超压的复合成因是莺歌海盆地地层的重要特征之一,由于缺乏复合成因的孔隙压力计算方法,极大地影响了随钻孔隙压力的预测精度。利用多井测井曲线组合法、Bowers声波-密度交会图法对莺歌海盆地地层超压成因进行识别;开展轴压和围压条件下的室内三轴压缩试验,得到考虑岩石卸载密度变化的加载、卸载特征方程;通过孔隙压力与密度关系,建立复合成因超压中单成因贡献率的数学模型,实现多成因条件下单成因定量计算。结果表明：乐东A井复合超压中以卸载型超压为主,其对孔隙压力的贡献率为40.9%;该定量评价方法有助于掌握目标区域地层超压的主要成因及其贡献率,可为提高孔隙压力预测的精度提供新途径。     

常规方法预测碳酸盐岩地层压力的偏差分析

碳酸盐岩异常地层压力成因不同于碎屑沉积岩的欠压实机制,其纵波速度-孔隙度关系分散,采用常规方法进行碳酸盐岩地层压力预测具有很大的不确定性。基于等效介质理论,计算不同孔隙结构碳酸盐岩的纵波速度,在此基础上,分析孔隙结构导致的常规地层压力预测方法的预测偏差。结果表明:在应力状态、矿物组成和孔隙度相同条件下,裂隙类孔隙使地层压力预测结果偏高,易造成井漏、储层污染等问题;溶孔类孔隙使地层压力预测结果偏低,易诱发溢流、井涌等复杂情况;当裂缝、溶孔共存时,地层压力预测偏差的正负不仅受裂隙与溶孔相对体积比的影响,也受其绝对体积含量的控制;对于复杂孔隙结构碳酸盐岩,油气钻井工程中采用常规的地层压力预测方法和井身结构设计系数存在较大的安全隐患。     

酸损伤降低岩石破裂压力计算新方法

地层岩石难以破裂是深层、致密油气藏压裂改造的瓶颈问题,酸损伤技术是降低破裂压力的新型技术。岩石经强酸损伤后,孔隙空间增加;定义孔隙度的变化为损伤变量,并将损伤变量引入破裂压力预测模型。利用砂岩酸化模型计算损伤变量,并基于损伤变量预测酸损伤后的破裂压力,形成破裂压力变化图版。研究结果表明:当损伤变量大于0.2时,破裂压力降低幅度明显;酸损伤施工参数对损伤变量有明显影响。采用优选的施工参数即注酸强度为2.0 m3/m,HF酸浓度为3.0%,排量为1.5~2.0 m3/min,X井破裂压力降低12.1 MPa。模型预测与矿场结果吻合程度高,验证了模型的正确性。     

一种碳酸盐岩储层横波速度估算方法

根据岩石物理理论,使用相关岩石物理模型分别计算岩石基质、干燥岩石骨架以及饱和岩石的弹性模量,进而计算碳酸盐岩储层的横波速度。基于碳酸盐岩孔隙的形状和连通性,将孔隙划分为孔洞、粒间孔隙、裂隙及泥质孔隙四种类型,对应地分别计算各类孔隙的纵横比和孔隙度,确定碳酸盐岩储层孔隙微结构参数。提出基于自适应遗传算法的矿物组分弹性模量计算方法,使用实测纵波速度作为约束条件反演求取岩石矿物组分的体积模量和剪切模量,确定碳酸盐岩储层的岩性参数。将该横波速度计算方法用于实际研究区的测井资料,取得了较好的效果,证明了方法的有效性,为复杂碳酸盐岩储层预测提供了有利的帮助。     

有效应力对低渗低孔介质孔渗参数的影响

随着油田开发,地层内孔隙压力逐步降低,岩石骨架所受到的有效应力随之增大,岩石的物性参数也随之改变,主要表现为渗透率降低,孔隙度减小。本文主要研究了低渗透多孔介质的孔隙度、渗透率和孔隙体积压缩系数与作用在岩石上的有效应力的关系实结果表明有效应力对渗透率的影响较大,产生不可逆伤害,而对孔隙度的影响较小,孔隙压缩系数仅仅是有效应力的函数。     

考虑裂隙发育的碳酸盐岩地层孔隙压力预测新模型

利用深、浅侧向电阻率差值定量计算裂缝孔隙度,以有效应力原理为理论基础,结合碳酸盐岩声波试验,研究多因素协同作用机制下的地层波速的总体响应特征,分析孔隙度一定条件下声波波速与有效应力之间的关系,利用回归分析法建立一套适合碳酸盐岩地层的压力预测新模型。结果表明:利用深、浅电阻率差值可以判断地层裂缝的产状,并定量计算裂缝孔隙度和裂缝张开度;在孔隙度一定的条件下,纵、横波速随有效应力的增大而增大;在有效应力一定的条件下,纵、横波速随孔隙度的增大而减小;建立的模型比传统方法具有更好的可靠性和预测精度。     

考虑裂隙发育的碳酸盐岩地层孔隙压力预测新模型

利用深、浅侧向电阻率差值定量计算裂缝孔隙度,以有效应力原理为理论基础,结合碳酸盐岩声波试验,研究多因素协同作用机制下的地层波速的总体响应特征,分析孔隙度一定条件下声波波速与有效应力之间的关系,利用回归分析法建立一套适合碳酸盐岩地层的压力预测新模型。结果表明:利用深、浅电阻率差值可以判断地层裂缝的产状,并定量计算裂缝孔隙度和裂缝张开度;在孔隙度一定的条件下,纵、横波速随有效应力的增大而增大;在有效应力一定的条件下,纵、横波速随孔隙度的增大而减小;建立的模型比传统方法具有更好的可靠性和预测精度。     

盒8地层岩石物理参数及地震响应模型研究

鄂尔多斯盆地盒8砂岩储层横向变化大,非均质性强,局部含水,含气砂岩的密度、速度和阻抗与泥岩相近,因此用常规储层预测方法区分含气砂岩与泥岩、含气砂岩与含水砂岩难度较大.通过测井曲线重构,建立了盒8地层岩石物理参数及其地震响应模型.结果表明,含水饱和度模型能够区分含气砂岩和含水砂岩;泥质含量模型能够分辨砂岩和泥岩;孔隙度模型能够分辨致密砂岩和孔隙砂岩.孔隙度合成道集和全叠加地震响应明显,高孔隙度砂岩表现为强振幅特征.所建立的岩石物理参数模型可直接用于高孔隙度含气砂岩的识别,确定的模型参数可直接用于实际资料处理,对提高有效储层的识别精度和可靠性具有指导意义.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the