Density-dependent mortality in an oceanic copepod population

Planktonic copepods are primary consumers in the ocean and are perhaps the most numerous metazoans on earth. Secondary production by these zooplankton supports most food webs of the open sea, directly affecting pelagic fish populations and the biological pump of carbon into the deep ocean. Models of marine ecosystems are quite sensitive to the formulation of the term for zooplankton mortality, although there are few data available to constrain mortality rates in such models. Here we present the first evidence for nonlinear, density-dependent mortality rates of open-ocean zooplankton. A high-frequency time series reveals that per capita mortality rates of eggs of Calanus finmarchicus Gunnerus are a function of the abundance of adult females and juveniles. The temporal dynamics of zooplankton populations can be influenced as much by time-dependent mortality rates as by variations in 'bottom up' forcing. The functional form and rates chosen for zooplankton mortality in ecosystem models can alter the balance of pelagic ecosystems, modify elemental fluxes into the ocean's interior, and modulate interannual variability in pelagic ecosystems.     

天女木兰群落物种多样性的研究

对分布于集安和通化地区的天女木兰群落的生长环境和群落特征进行了生态调查,统计了天女木兰群落的物种数量以及群落内木本植物和草本植物的物种多样性指数,为天女木兰的保育提供了基础资料.     

江西三清山两栖纲动物多样性及其区系特征

研究记录了三清山两栖纲动物2目7科24种,是江西省两栖纲动物比较丰富的地区之一.研究结果表明,小棘蛙、九龙棘蛙是江西省的新纪录,无斑肥螈在江西省的分布得到了证实,树蛙科、姬蛙科和蛙科种类颇为丰富.棘胸蛙组3种均分布于三清山;黑斑侧褶蛙、泽蛙、花臭蛙、棘胸蛙和中华大蟾蜍为优势种群;垂直分布特点明显,低海拔物种数量较多,随海拔升高,物种数量减少.中国特有动物13种;虎纹蛙为中国国家Ⅱ级重点保护动物;中国物种红色名录易危(VU)物种4种,近危(NT)物种1种.区系组成上东洋界成分占据绝对优势,东洋界成分仅由华中区成分及华中华南区共有成分组成,没有华南区成分.华中区成分和本区中国特有种均属南中国型.南中国型在该区出现频率高达58.3%,表明该区仍为其优势分布区.     

Large-scale processes and the Asian bias in species diversity of temperate plants

An important issue in the study of biodiversity is the extent to which global patterns of species richness reflect large-scale processes and historical contingencies. Ecological interactions in local assemblages may constrain the number of species that can coexist, but differences in diversity in similar habitats within different regions (diversity anomalies) suggest that this limit is not firm. Variation in rate of species production could influence regional and perhaps local diversity independently of the ecological capacity of an area to support coexisting species, thereby creating diversity anomalies. Temperate Zone genera of plants that are disjunct between similar environments in eastern Asia and eastern North America (EAS-ENA) have twice as many species in Asia as in North America. Because lineages of these genera in Asia and North America are mostly sister pairs, they share a common history of adaptation and ecological relationship before disjunction. Thus, the diversity anomaly in EAS-ENA genera is not an artefact of taxon or habitat sampling but reflects differences in the net diversification (speciation-extinction) of the lineages in each of the continents. Here we propose that the most probable cause of the EAS-ENA anomaly in diversity is the extreme physiographical heterogeneity of temperate eastern Asia, especially compared with eastern North America, which in conjunction with climate and sea-level change has provided abundant opportunities for evolutionary radiation through allopatric speciation.     

施秉喀斯特兽类物种多样性价值与保护

对施秉喀斯特兽类初步调查,发现兽类56种,隶属于9目21科46属,以啮齿目和食肉目的种类为主,分别占该区兽类总种数的33.9%和30.4%。区系分布上以东洋型种类占优势。珍稀濒危物种较丰富,有IUCN红色名录物种53种,《濒危野生动植物国际贸易公约》物种11种,中国物种红色名录物种32种,国家重点保护野生动物13种,具有重要的保护价值。     

广州市区翼手类物种多样性的研究

2004年5月至2006年4月对广州市区内翼手类的物种多样性进行了调查.结果表明,广州市区有犬蝠(Cynopterus sphinx)、东亚伏翼(Pipistrellus abramus)、中华山蝠(Nyctalus velutinus)、扁颅蝠(Tylonycteris pachy-pus)、小黄蝠(Scotophilus kuhlii)、大黄蝠(Scotophilus heathii)、彩蝠(Kerivoula picta)等7种翼手类物种.分析了广州市区内翼手类的物种组成、区系特点和分布特征,其中东洋界种类占优势(71.42%),小黄蝠为优势种,东亚伏翼分布最广泛.     

自然物种多样性的定量及在环境评价中的意义

无人为干扰的原生生态区域中的物种多样性为自然物种多样性.以"自然生态→无人为干扰→自然物种多样性→生态因子→决定因素→数量因子→数量关系→物种多样性模型"为推理线索,对己有资料进行"数学"归纳和建模意义上的筛选,综合出一个定量特定地理、气候区域及地理位置上的自然物种多样性公式;以"自然物种多样性→存在人为干扰→生态失衡→实有物种多样性"为推理线索,得出生态失衡公式.自然物种多样性公式用于定量特定区域中的物种多样性特征及梯度分布,生态失衡公式用于定量生态失衡程度及人为干扰大小.     

Effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing species diversity

The Fifth World Parks Congress in Durban, South Africa, announced in September 2003 that the global network of protected areas now covers 11.5% of the planet's land surface. This surpasses the 10% target proposed a decade earlier, at the Caracas Congress, for 9 out of 14 major terrestrial biomes. Such uniform targets based on percentage of area have become deeply embedded into national and international conservation planning. Although politically expedient, the scientific basis and conservation value of these targets have been questioned. In practice, however, little is known of how to set appropriate targets, or of the extent to which the current global protected area network fulfils its goal of protecting biodiversity. Here, we combine five global data sets on the distribution of species and protected areas to provide the first global gap analysis assessing the effectiveness of protected areas in representing species diversity. We show that the global network is far from complete, and demonstrate the inadequacy of uniform--that is, 'one size fits all'--conservation targets.     

贵州兽类物种多样性现状及保护对策

贵州是中国兽类物种多样性最丰富的省区之一 ,计有 14 2种 ,物种丰富度仅次于云南和四川 ,物种密度每 10 0 0 0km2 为 8 34 ,仅次于台湾和海南。我国特有兽类分布于贵州的有 2 3种之多 ,其中黔金丝猴仅分布于贵州。分布类型复杂。大中型兽类受威胁的程度相当严重。保护贵州兽类多样性的主要对策是 :提高干部和群众的保护意识 ;加大资金投入 ;加强保护区建设 ,保护好受威胁兽类的生境     

城市生态风景林群落结构与植物多样性研究

以合肥环城公园为对象,研究了环城公园生态风景林的群落结构和植物多样性特征。结果表明:研究区域共统计植物44科75属79种,其中裸子植物4科7属7种,被子植物40科68属72种;树木径阶在10 cm以下30 cm以上和高度5 m以下15 m以上的乔木数量占比较高;群落树木健康状况不佳,近一半的树木处于不健康状况;六个景区常绿落叶植物比有较大差异,常绿树种偏多;群落类型可分为7种,主要以常绿阔叶和落叶阔叶混交林为主;群落结构以乔-草、灌-草居多,复层结构较少。在此基础上,对今后环城公园生态风景林营造和树木的养护管理提出了有针对性的建议。     

Density dependence explains tree species abundance and diversity in tropical forests

The recurrent patterns in the commonness and rarity of species in ecological communities--the relative species abundance--have puzzled ecologists for more than half a century. Here we show that the framework of the current neutral theory in ecology can easily be generalized to incorporate symmetric density dependence. We can calculate precisely the strength of the rare-species advantage that is needed to explain a given RSA distribution. Previously, we demonstrated that a mechanism of dispersal limitation also fits RSA data well. Here we compare fits of the dispersal and density-dependence mechanisms for empirical RSA data on tree species in six New and Old World tropical forests and show that both mechanisms offer sufficient and independent explanations. We suggest that RSA data cannot by themselves be used to discriminate among these explanations of RSA patterns--empirical studies will be required to determine whether RSA patterns are due to one or the other mechanism, or to some combination of both.     

雷山杜鹃群落特征及其物种多样性分析

为保护雷山杜鹃这一贵州特有野生杜鹃种,调查了雷山杜鹃野生资源及生境状况,并对其群落基本特征和物种多样性进行分析。结果表明,雷山杜鹃分布范围狭窄,仅集中分布在雷公山上部海拔2 155 m左右的区域,仅有1个雷山杜鹃群落,且林下仅见一、二年生幼苗;雷山杜鹃群落由多种生活型植物组成,其中以高位芽植物占优势,垂直结构以雷山杜鹃为主的乔木层占优势,主要灌木和草本植物均呈斑块状镶嵌;雷山杜鹃群落多样性特征表现为:Pielou指数,草本层灌木层乔木层;Shannon-Wiener指数,草本层灌木层乔木层;Simpson指数,乔木层草本层灌木层,根据以上数值可知雷山杜鹃群落草本层的物种最为丰富,分布更为均匀,乔木层与草本层的优势种非常明显。     

Molecular diversity of the 5S rRNA gene in cultivated and wild rice species

We have used the polymerase chain reaction to analyze variation in the size of 5S ribosomal gene spacer sequence. Eighty accessions, including 65 cultivated rice and 15 wild rice, were analyzed. Among them seven size classes of 5S DNA spacer were observed. Classification asindica orjaponica on the basis of 5S DNA spacer patterns generally agrees with classification based on morphological studies, indicating that the length polymorphism of 5S DNA spacer could be used as a molecular marker for taxonomic and phylogenetic analysis. Supported by the National Natural Science Fundation of China Yi Qingming: born in Apr. 1938, Professor     

基于密度影响的生态-传染病模型

分析并建立了疾病在被捕食者中传播的捕食与被捕食模型,且两种群都受密度制约因素的影响,讨论了系统的有界性和各平衡点存在的条件.首先计算各平衡点对应的雅哥比矩阵,利用Routh-Hurwitz判据分析各平衡点的局部渐进稳定性;其次通过构造Lyapunov函数,由LaSalle不变原理证明了正平衡点的全局渐进稳定性;再次利用比较定理证明了系统的持久性.     

梅子湖风景区森林植被的物种多样性研究

采用物种丰富度、Simpson指数、Shannon-weiner指数及Pielou均匀度指数研究梅子湖森林植被的物种多样性。4个物种多样性指数总体上表现出相同的变化趋势．在群落不同层次的变化规律为：灌木层〉乔木层〉草本层；不同植被类型的物种多样性特征是：常绿阔叶林〉暖性针叶林.人为因子的干扰对梅子湖森林植被的物种多样性有较大的影响：     

Molecular diversity of the 5S rRNA gene in cultivated and wild rice species

We have used the polymerase chain reaction to analyze variation in the size of 5S ribosomal gene spacer sequence. Eighty accessions, including 65 cultivated rice and 15 wild rice, were analyzed. Among them seven size classes of 5S DNA spacer were observed. Classification asindica orjaponica on the basis of 5S DNA spacer patterns generally agrees with classification based on morphological studies, indicating that the length polymorphism of 5S DNA spacer could be used as a molecular marker for taxonomic and phylogenetic analysis. Supported by the National Natural Science Fundation of China Yi Qingming: born in Apr. 1938, Professor     

Theory predicts the uneven distribution of genetic diversity within species

Global efforts to conserve species have been strongly influenced by the heterogeneous distribution of species diversity across the Earth. This is manifest in conservation efforts focused on diversity hotspots. The conservation of genetic diversity within an individual species is an important factor in its survival in the face of environmental changes and disease. Here we show that diversity within species is also distributed unevenly. Using simple genealogical models, we show that genetic distinctiveness has a scale-free power law distribution. This property implies that a disproportionate fraction of the diversity is concentrated in small sub-populations, even when the population is well-mixed. Small groups are of such importance to overall population diversity that even without extrinsic perturbations, there are large fluctuations in diversity owing to extinctions of these small groups. We also show that diversity can be geographically non-uniform--potentially including sharp boundaries between distantly related organisms--without extrinsic causes such as barriers to gene flow or past migration events. We obtained these results by studying the fundamental scaling properties of genealogical trees. Our theoretical results agree with field data from global samples of Pseudomonas bacteria. Contrary to previous studies, our results imply that diversity loss owing to severe extinction events is high, and focusing conservation efforts on highly distinctive groups can save much of the diversity.     

甘南高寒草甸物种多样性与生产力的关系

利用甘南高寒草甸植物群落丰富度、多样性、生产力的抽样调查资料,分析了不同空间范围内物种多样性与生产力的关系,探讨了其形成机制.结果显示:丰富度、Shannon-Wiener α多样性指数、Simpson α多样性指数与生产力之问的关系在合作分站和玛曲分站均呈显著正相关,在玛曲县欧拉乡为不相关;Pielou α均匀度指数与生产力的关系在玛曲分站呈显著正相关,在合作分站和玛曲县欧拉乡均为不相关;Whittakerβ多样性指数与生产力的关系在合作分站和玛曲分站均呈负相关,在玛曲县欧拉乡为不相关.综合三个地区的数据分析表明:随着空间范围的扩大,丰富度、三种α多样性指数与生产力趋向于正相关关系,Whittakerβ多样性指数与生产力趋向于负相关关系.如果要改善甘南高寒草甸草场质量、提高草场生产力,那么不仅要保护物种多样性,还要提高物种空间分布的均匀性、减少环境异质性.     

贵州施秉榧树群落结构与物种多样性研究

为了解贵州榧树群落结构与物种多样性状况,以期为榧树种质资源的保护与利用提供部分依据,我们采用样方法对6个榧树群落面积为5 m×5 m样地内的物种组成、群落结构进行调查分析,结果表明:榧树在群落中可实现正常更新,表现为增长型.榧树群落中有维管植物47科68属78种,就其生活型而言,群落中木本植物41种,其中常绿树种30种...     

Consumer versus resource control of species diversity and ecosystem functioning

A key question in ecology is which factors control species diversity in a community. Two largely separate groups of ecologists have emphasized the importance of productivity or resource supply, and consumers or physical disturbance, respectively. These variables show unimodal relationships with diversity when manipulated in isolation. Recent multivariate models, however, predict that these factors interact, such that the disturbance diversity relationship depends on productivity, and vice versa. We tested these models in marine food webs, using field manipulations of nutrient resources and consumer pressure on rocky shores of contrasting productivity. Here we show that the effects of consumers and nutrients on diversity consistently depend on each other, and that the direction of their effects and peak diversity shift between sites of low and high productivity. Factorial meta-analysis of published experiments confirms these results across widely varying aquatic communities. Furthermore, our experiments demonstrate that these patterns extend to important ecosystem functions such as carbon storage and nitrogen retention. This suggests that human impacts on nutrient supply and food-web structure have strong and interdependent effects on species diversity and ecosystem functioning, and must therefore be managed together.