一般系统方法论研究

在分析Ｃｈｅｃｋｌａｎｄ软系统方法论的局限性的基础上，本文提出了一般系统方法论（ＧＳＭ）．ＧＳＭ包括了软系统方法论与Ｈａｌｌ硬系统方法论的全部内容，井扩展到问题的发现与形成阶段，揭示出这三部分之间的逻辑联系，从而完善了系统问题从感知到解决的全部可能的逻辑思维过程．     

系统方法论研究的现状分析与展望

对目前系统方法论的研究进行分类：硬系统方法论、软系统方法论和批评性系统方法论，分析了不同系统方法的哲学思想、方法步骤及其局限性，探讨了未来系统方法论发展的形式。     

对软系统方法论的一点思考

首先分析了切克兰德的系统思想及其在软系统方法论逻辑步骤中的体现以及软系统方法论建模的关键;然后在此基础上,提出了切氏软系统方法论主要是处理硬人类活动系统问题的方法论的观点;最后给出了处理软人类活动系统问题的利益协调软系统方法论的设想。     

从系统方法论看多准则决策的软化

系统方法论与决策范式之间存在对应关系。从系统方法论看,多准则决策属于硬系统方法论,但回顾其发展历程,却能发现其软化的趋势,它已具备了软系统方法论的某些哲学理念和特点,但又与软系统方法论有本质的不同。面对人类活动系统的管理复杂性,硬系统方法论与软系统方法论具有互补性,从多准则决策走向复杂决策,需要软系统方法论的补充。     

软系统方法论与软科学哲学

软系统方法论是一个非常重要的学科,它与科学哲学相互影响、相互作用和相互促进。本文着重分析软系统方法论的哲学基础,以及从硬系统方法论到软系统方法论的哲学基础的变迁,认为硬 / 软系统方法论之间的关系及其在科学哲学中的表现是互斥互补的关系。软科学哲学一词是库恩在《结构后的路》(2000)一书中提出来的。在我国研究和发展软系统方法论和软科学哲学是十分必要的。     

系统方法论的发展及其内在动因分析

在分析“硬”、“软”两类系统方法论建立特点的基础上,探讨了多系统方法论兴起的背景以及整合类系统方法论对上述两类系统方法论提升。指出这种提升的内在动因有3个:复杂性认知动因、系统思想发展的认知动因和文化认知动因,从而为认识新系统方法论提供新的视角,并为理解目前系统方法论的快速发展原因提供了一种解释。     

硬系统思想与软系统方法论的比较──优化模式及学习模式

硬系统思想与软系统方法论的比较──优化模式及学习模式曹光明（西北工业大学管理学院，西安７１００７２）ＨａｒｄＳｙｓｔｅｍＴｈｉｎｋｉｎｇａｎｄＳｏｆｔＳｙｓｔｅｍＭｅｔｈｏｄｏｌｏｇｙ──ＯｐｔｉｍａｌＭｏｄｅｌａｎｄＬｅａｒｎｉｎｇＭｏｄｅｌＣａｏ...     

解决不确定问题情境的系统方法论及其反思

解决由人参与的不确定问题情境是当代系统方法论应用研究的主要方向。硬系统方法论采用功能主义整体优化的分析手段来解决目标明确的复杂技术问题,忽视了关于人的价值观和世界观等因素。软系统方法论采用诠释主义的范式来探询和改善问题情境,在处理组织内部关于权力不对等和价值观对立的问题情境时遇到很大挑战。批判系统思想融合了哈贝马斯的三种理性,其中创造性整体论提出了根据不同问题情境采用相适应的系统方法论来解决问题的研究进路。     

论当代系统思想的最新发展及演变趋势

着重就当代系统思想从硬系统思想到软系统思想乃至辩证系统思想的发展轨迹，做了一个简短的回顾，并突出分析比较了软系统思想、辩证系统思想等当代系统思想最新研究成果的不同特点，以及对我国经济建设 的借鉴意义。认为，21世纪将是软硬系统理论与思想融合发展的时代。     

关于物理-事理-人理系统方法的事理之方法论库

介绍了Ｃｈｅｃｋｌａｎｄ与Ｄ．Ｈ．ＭｃＮｅｉｌ对系统方法论的分类及Ｊａｃｋｓｏｎ与Ｆｌｏｏｄ所述的关于系统方法论的分类,并给出了物理－事理－人理系统方法论中关于方法的分类原则及分类原因,最后给出了物理－事理－人理系统方法论分类表。     

A Model for Design of Human Activity Systems

A background is given to the common failures of management information systems and the authors' view of the causes behind these failures. There seems to be a lack of effective methods for analyzing information requirements. Different scientific methods are discussed as to their propensity for analyzing the information requirements. The importance of the systems design approach instead of the system improvement approach is emphasized. The concept of Human Activity Systems is discussed and an analysis of the interdependence of the soft and hard parts of these systems indicates that an integrated view is necessary. A methodology based on a systemic and systematic analysis of the information requirements in an organization is proposed. This methodology focuses the settings of the decisions on all levels in organizations and also indicates organizational discrepancies and information imbalances. The methodology can be regarded as a dynamic, learning system.     

Developing an Information System for Sustainable Natural Resource Management in Alborz Watershed, Northern Iran

This article explores the potentials of systems analysis and design of information system for sustainable natural resource management. Soft and hard system analyses were performed to better understand the information needs and design of an information system for improving decision making for achieving sustainable natural resource management. In order to analyze the complex and soft systems situations for developing an effective information system, which meets related actors’ changing needs, a conceptual model inspired by soft systems methodology (SSM) was developed. This model is based on information derived from twelve farmers who were purposely selected to represent diverse conditions and 23 agricultural extension experts across the Alborz Watershed in Mazandaran Province, located in northern Iran. Since a conceptual model resulting from SSM is not in itself sufficient as the basis for the implementation of information systems, a hard system methodology was used to structure the data handling by using unified modeling language. This research has shown the promising potentiality of using soft system analysis methodology as a preliminary step to the actual design of an information system in the natural resource management situation in the watershed system level when combined with hard system analysis methods.     

Reconciling Effectiveness and Equity in Performance Management: A Stakeholder Synthesis Approach to Organizational Systems Design

Complex organizational systems have been studied using hard and soft epistemologies and each has contributed to understanding based on its logic of enquiry. However, both fail to engage fully with systems in their context and are increasingly recognized as such by researchers and practitioners. This paper reviews the epistemological debate and proposes that accommodation between quantitative and qualitative disciplines is both possible and appropriate. A case study of performance management systems demonstrates the synergistic benefits of integration within a mode of organizational enquiry based on stakeholder analysis and soft systems methodology. This enables the development of a stakeholder systems model of performance management that incorporates stakeholder consensus, organizational justice, and system effectiveness considerations.     

The Dark Side of the Moon—Unilluminated Dimensions of Systems Practice

This paper explores some of the unilluminated or less explicit aspects of issues faced by those using systems approaches in real-world problem situations. The paper contends that discourse on systems approaches tends to be dominated by rational logical aspects of methodology, though other aspects of the intervention process, such as political dimensions of legitimacy, have become more important in the last 10–15 years. Unsurprisingly the discourse has been different for different methods. Method has been largely invisible in the hard systems area (or at least relatively little discussed), and although it has been the subject of much debate in the soft systems area, the debate has been nonetheless narrowly defined. It is narrowly defined in its relative neglect of process aspects for conducting a systems study. Since the nature of these processes (for example, the client/consultant relation) changes from hard systems to soft systems to critical systems in a way that makes social process progressively a more important dimension of each approach, this aspect has featured more in discourse on critical systems, but in general it remains a curious area of neglect. There is increasing interest in this area, and some signs that relevant theory and practice from closely related domains is being accessed to strengthen these approaches. This paper attempts to make a contribution by outlining and discussing some areas that could usefully complement existing systems approaches. The paper considers the following areas: (a) client relations, (b) analyst role, (c) language and communication, (d) group processes, (e) culture (and rationalities), (f) information gathering techniques and processes, and (g) change management or implementation. The paper draws on experiences of systems practices in the literature, interviews with systems practitioners, and writings in related areas. The paper ends by discussing some of the implications of these issues for the development of well-rounded systems approaches.     

复杂生产系统的平行管理方法与案例

为实现复杂生产系统的综合管理目标,提出了平行管理理论,即构建与生产系统相一致的人工系统,采用计算实验方法对系统规律进行研究,通过实际系统与人工系统的平行运行和交互实现对实际复杂生产系统的管理。结合乙烯生产系统长周期生产管理的应用实例,开发的平行培训系统加强了对员工标准行为的培训,平行评估系统主要侧重于对管理制度的评估,而最终形成的平行管理系统将实现对复杂生产过程的综合管理,全面提升企业的管理水平和综合竞争力。     

Total systems intervention: A practical face to critical systems thinking

This is the first exposition of a new methodology (or perhaps meta-methodology) for systems practice known as Total Systems Intervention (TSI). Designed to overcome the weaknesses of hard, cybernetic, and soft systems approaches and build on their strengths, TSI represents a practical face of critical systems thinking. It advocates combining three building blocks-systems metaphors, system of systems methodologies, and individual systems methodologies—in an interactive manner which is deemed to be particularly powerful and fruitful. In this paper the philosophy, principles, and phases of the TSI methodology are set out and two very different examples of its use are provided.