不稳定注水模拟实验及其在不同类型砂岩油藏中的应用

建立了模拟正、反韵律油藏的物理模型以及矿场可能出现的 9种注水模式。利用室内模拟实验和矿场实际应用验证了砂岩油藏不稳定注水提高采收率的机理 ,并量化了平面转网后不同韵律油藏采收率的增加值 ,得出了在不同注入方式下的注入孔隙体积倍数、采出程度、采出程度增加值等参数不同时的累积采油量。实际应用表明 ,不稳定注水缓解了油藏层内非均质的矛盾及层间矛盾 ,且正韵律油藏的注水效果优于反韵律油藏。通过转网缓解了油藏平面的矛盾 ,并且在不同含水阶段转网均可提高采收率。在胜利油区采用不稳定注水取得了明显的降水增油效果。     

低渗透油藏改善注水开发策略研究

王广、西区、东区、黄场油田低渗透油藏,发育北东和北西两个方向的自然裂缝和人工裂缝,影响了注入水的推进规律,使得在裂缝不同部位的油水井呈现出不同的注水开发特征,产生了不同的开发效果。通过早期注水,掌握合理的注采比及不稳定注水、高压注水等工艺,提高了油藏的产量和采收率,收到较好的开发效果。     

丘陵油田陵2西区三间房组油藏注水运动规律

目的了解丘陵油田陵2西区三间房组油藏注水在平面上、纵向上的运动规律。方法在充分认识油藏静态地质特征的基础上，利用压力测试、油井产液剖面、注水井吸水剖面等测试结果，结合注水井和采油井生产数据的动态分析，认识各种地质及生产动态因素对注水效果的影响和控制作用。结果丘陵油田陵2西区三间房组注入水在平面上主要受沉积微相、砂体平面延伸方向及储层物性三方面因素的控制，纵向上受沉积韵律性及层间差异性的影响。结论提出平面上封堵、转注，纵向上封堵、补孔及调整注水压力与注水量等措施，以达到提高油藏采收率的目的。     

泵挂深度对注水替油开发效果的影响研究

塔河奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏属于缝洞型油藏,不同类型的缝洞单元由于储集体规模和水体的发育程度不同造成天然驱动能量具有较大差异,部分油井天然能量严重不足、产量递减快,采收率低。注水替油作为塔河碳酸盐岩油藏一种新型开采方式,已经取得了较好的效果。针对注水替油后期,油水界面上升导致含水上升快的问题,对衰竭式开发、单纯注水替油机抽开发以及采用机抽－深抽开发等不同方式的效果进行对比研究,明确了采用加大泵挂深度可以提高油藏采收率,改善开发效果,从而为矿场实施提供依据。     

胜利油田聚合物驱矿场效果影响因素研究

胜利油田实施聚合物驱的规模大,各单元都已取得了明显的降水增油效果,但各单元的见效特点存在差异。通过采用室内物理模拟、数值模拟和矿场实施跟踪等手段,研究了流体粘度、注采情况、注入时机和油藏储层对聚合物驱效果的影响。结果表明:地层聚合物溶液与原油粘度比越高,聚合物驱效果越好;聚合物用量越大提高采收率越高;在中高含水期,转注越早,聚合物驱效果越好;聚合物驱有利相带依次为河道边缘相>河道充填相>心滩>泛滥平原相;正韵律聚合物驱有利,而反韵律不利于聚合物驱,同时选区应避免大孔道地层。     

毛管力对油藏水驱特征影响分析

注水开发是油田最主要的开发方式之一。注入水波及面积是影响油藏采收率的重要因素。油藏内注入水流动方向及波及面积与其所受合力的方向及大小有关。尤其对于低渗透油藏,毛管力对油藏内油水渗流规律的影响不容忽视。基于渗流力学理论,利用数值模拟和矢量叠加方法,计算了正韵律正方形储层模型中各网格内流体所受注入水压力、重力和毛管力等作用力合力的大小和方向,实现了储层内任意网格油水渗流作用力的定量表征。数值模拟结果表明,对于亲水正韵律油藏,储层上部渗透率变低使毛管力增大,当毛管力增大到一定程度时,注入水会从下部的高渗透层段向上部的低渗透层段渗流,导致上部低渗层段的水驱效果好于下部储层,在油藏开发后期剩余油主要分布在下部的高渗透层段内。如果油藏渗透率较大,油藏内无毛管力影响时,开发后期剩余油主要分布在上部的低渗透层段内,对下部高渗透层段实施封堵措施,有利于提高油藏采收率。     

三间房组油藏沉积旋回及对注水开发的影响

按储层沉积旋回和沉积韵律特征,将三间房组油藏进一步细分为２４个小层。结果表明：油层动用程度好的层段主要为每一砂岩组底部的第３,４小层;明显的沉积旋回和韵律性加剧了注水开发中的层间、层内矛盾,使注入水单层突进严重,含水上升较快,开发效果不佳。     

超低渗透油藏CO2驱注入参数优化实验研究

CO_2驱是提高超低渗油藏采收率的有效方法之一,然而,目前对CO_2在超低渗油藏中的驱油机理认识还不完善。针对西部某超低渗透油藏开发过程中注水矛盾问题,通过物理模拟实验,研究了CO_2驱对该超低渗透油藏的适应性,并通过对比不同的CO_2注入方式和注入参数对驱油效率的影响规律,优选出超低渗透油藏CO_2驱最佳注入参数。实验结果表明:对该超低渗透裂缝性油藏,周期注气方式下驱油效果最佳,且当注入段塞为0.06 PV,注气与焖井时间比为1∶2时延缓气窜的效果最好,驱油效率达到60%以上。研究结果为该类型超低渗油藏现场注气开发设计提供指导作用。     

多层砂岩油藏可视化模型水驱油物模实验研究

为了获得更为直观的多层砂岩油藏水驱油渗流特征和机理,结合实际油藏地质特征,设计制备了一种大尺度可视化砂箱物理模型,进行了不同注水方式、不同注水速度的水驱油实验,考察了不同注采方式、不同注入速度对水驱油效率的影响,以及水驱油过程中的油水运动分布特征。该模型具有设计尺寸大、模拟程度高及直观可视等特点,较其他模型更具代表性。通过模拟NP 油田某区块砂岩地层,根据几何相似、井型相同、层序韵律相同、流体黏度相同的原则,更加真实的模拟地层条件。实验结果表明,不同的注水方式及注水速度对模型的采收率有较大影响。采油井数多,单井控制面积小,采收率略高;而注水速度低,油井见水晚,含水率上升缓,可以有效提高采收率,这一过程也反映了重力分异的影响。水驱特征曲线拟合表明,该实验过程符合水驱特征,能够较准确地预测可采储量及采收率。     

多层非均质油藏聚水同驱物理模拟实验研究

针对多层非均质油藏同步进行聚合物驱和水驱的开发方式,通过物理模拟实验的手段研究不同注入压力比例条件下的水聚接触带的分布、平面及纵向含油饱和度分布、聚水同驱的阶段采出程度及不同位置生产井的含水率变化特征。实验结果表明,多层非均质油藏水聚同驱时,维持注水区域压力与注聚区域压力相等可以获得较好的开发效果,对于指导相似油田聚水同驱的现场应用具有一定的指导意义。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with