鸟体羽毛对通风窗抗鸟撞试验的影响分析

运动机构支持的飞机通风窗在鸟撞时由于部件之间变形不协调会产生缝隙. 鸟体的羽毛在进入缝隙过程中会扩大缝隙. 对于该问题,首先基于PAM-CARSH软件,结合SPH方法,通过选择合适的梁元节点自由度模拟机构的运动副,计算分析不考虑羽毛情况下通风窗的强度和刚度,然后通过与真鸟撞击试验结果进行对比,分析鸟体羽毛对抗鸟撞安全的影响. 分析结果发现,羽毛对结构应力影响较小,但对缝隙影响较大,对于类似结构应重点考察.     

基于动网格技术的抛鸟运动轨迹分析

发动机吞鸟试验是检验航空发动机安全性和可靠性的重要手段,为了探究在发动机吞鸟试验中,鸟体出膛后飞行轨迹的变化,优化抛鸟策略,采用动网格技术,使用六自由度模型对鸟体出膛后的轨迹进行计算分析,结果表明：鸟体出膛后,其肩部会形成一个高压区域,尾部形成一个低压区域,由此产生气动阻力,在运动方向阻力最大,在飞行过程中阻力会稳定在某一数值;运动方向垂向和横向所受气动力很小,但数值波动较大,且变化无规律;鸟体飞行过程中速度衰减小,弹道平直,可以采用直瞄的方式将鸟体抛向指定的位置。     

鸟撞损伤风扇气动性能的适航符合性研究

为探索鸟撞损伤对风扇叶片气动性能的影响及适航相关条款的符合性,选取某典型大涵道比风扇转子为研究对象,对鸟撞损伤模型进行简化,采用全周数值模拟方法,研究了中鸟对典型风扇转子叶片损伤后造成的风扇气动性能变化,结果表明:不同数量叶片损伤时,风扇近堵点流量、峰值效率、稳定裕度及峰值效率点推力都较原型有不同程度的下降,变化量与损伤叶片数不呈线性关系;损伤3片叶片时,风扇峰值效率点推力相较于原型下降11.35%,最大推力相较于原型下降20.68%,故满足适航审定中推力损失不超过25%的要求.不同数量的损伤叶片自损伤处到叶尖通道内存在不同程度的流动分离,并导致风扇进出口流场发生了不同程度的畸变.     

The avian nature of the brain and inner ear of Archaeopteryx

Archaeopteryx, the earliest known flying bird (avialan) from the Late Jurassic period, exhibits many shared primitive characters with more basal coelurosaurian dinosaurs (the clade including all theropods more bird-like than Allosaurus), such as teeth, a long bony tail and pinnate feathers. However, Archaeopteryx possessed asymmetrical flight feathers on its wings and tail, together with a wing feather arrangement shared with modern birds. This suggests some degree of powered flight capability but, until now, little was understood about the extent to which its brain and special senses were adapted for flight. We investigated this problem by computed tomography scanning and three-dimensional reconstruction of the braincase of the London specimen of Archaeopteryx. Here we show the reconstruction of the braincase from which we derived endocasts of the brain and inner ear. These suggest that Archaeopteryx closely resembled modern birds in the dominance of the sense of vision and in the possession of expanded auditory and spatial sensory perception in the ear. We conclude that Archaeopteryx had acquired the derived neurological and structural adaptations necessary for flight. An enlarged forebrain suggests that it had also developed enhanced somatosensory integration with these special senses demanded by a lifestyle involving flying ability.     

Branched integumental structures in Sinornithosaurus and the origin of feathers

The evolutionary origin of feathers has long been obscured because no morphological antecedents were known to the earliest, structurally modern feathers of Archaeopteryx. It has been proposed that the filamentous integumental appendages on several theropod dinosaurs are primitive feathers; but the homology between these filamentous structures and feathers has been disputed, and two taxa with true feathers (Caudipteryx and Protarchaeopteryx) have been proposed to be flightless birds. Confirmation of the theropod origin of feathers requires documentation of unambiguously feather-like structures in a clearly non-avian theropod. Here we describe our observations of the filamentous integumental appendages of the basal dromaeosaurid dinosaur Sinornithosaurus millenii, which indicate that they are compound structures composed of multiple filaments. Furthermore, these appendages exhibit two types of branching structure that are unique to avian feathers: filaments joined in a basal tuft, and filaments joined at their bases in series along a central filament. Combined with the independent phylogenetic evidence supporting the theropod ancestry of birds, these observations strongly corroborate the hypothesis that the integumental appendages of Sinornithosaurus are homologous with avian feathers. The plesiomorphic feathers of Sinornithosaurus also conform to the predictions of an independent, developmental model of the evolutionary origin of feathers.     

白鹭和大白鹭羽毛显微结构观察

【目的】探讨鸟类羽毛微观结构的差异,并据此鉴别鸟类。【方法】选取白鹭(Egretta garzetta)和大白鹭(E. alba)的飞羽、胸羽、尾羽及蓑羽4类羽毛作为研究对象,利用扫描电镜观察4类羽毛的羽小钩、腹齿及纤毛等微观结构的数量,利用SPSS 18.0对所观察的数据进行分析比较。【结果】飞羽中除腹齿数外,有钩羽小枝基柄长、羽小钩数、纤毛数以及无钩羽小枝基柄长在白鹭和大白鹭间均存在极显著差异;胸羽和尾羽有钩羽小枝的基柄长、腹齿数、羽小钩数、纤毛数以及无钩羽小枝的基柄长和腹齿数在白鹭和大白鹭间均存在显著或极显著差异;蓑羽纤毛数和基柄长在白鹭和大白鹭间存在极显著差异。【结论】除飞羽的腹齿外,所选的其他指标均可为白鹭和大白鹭的鉴别提供参考。     

Moulting tail feathers in a juvenile oviraptorisaur

Xu et al. describe the extraordinarily preserved feathers from two subadults of the oviraptorisaur Similicaudipteryx from the Yixian Formation of Liaoning, China. The preserved tail feathers of the juvenile specimen (STM4.1) show a morphology not previously observed in any fossil feathers. The tail feathers of an older, immature specimen (STM22-6) show a typical closed pennaceous structure with a prominent, planar vane. I propose that the feathers of the tail of the juvenile specimen are not a specialized feather generation, but fossilized 'pin feathers' or developing feather germs.     

Comparative power curves in bird flight

The relationship between mechanical power output and forward velocity in bird flight is controversial, bearing on the comparative physiology and ecology of locomotion. Applied to flying birds, aerodynamic theory predicts that mechanical power should vary as a function of forward velocity in a U-shaped curve. The only empirical test of this theory, using the black-billed magpie (Pica pica), suggests that the mechanical power curve is relatively flat over intermediate velocities. Here, by integrating in vivo measurements of pectoralis force and length change with quasi-steady aerodynamic models developed using data on wing and body movement, we present mechanical power curves for cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) and ringed turtle-doves (Streptopelia risoria). In contrast to the curve reported for magpies, the power curve for cockatiels is acutely concave, whereas that for doves is intermediate in shape and shows higher mass-specific power output at most speeds. We also find that wing-beat frequency and mechanical power output do not necessarily share minima in flying birds. Thus, aspects of morphology, wing kinematics and overall style of flight can greatly affect the magnitude and shape of a species' power curve.     

山西运城盐湖区白骨顶羽毛Pb、Cu、Cd的含量及分布

对采自于山西运城盐湖区白骨顶(Fulica atra)羽毛铅、铜、镉含量进行了测定,并对这几种重金属在各个部位羽毛中的浓度进行了比较.结果表明,白骨顶羽毛的Pb含量为0.53～6.26μg/g、Cu含量为0.56～9.18μg/g、Cd含量0.002～0.24μg/g.铅在白骨顶羽毛中以背羽含量为最高,腹羽最低;铜含量以初级飞羽最高,背羽最低;镉含量背羽最高,腹羽最低.     

Palaeontology: 'modern' feathers on a non-avian dinosaur

Discoveries of integumentary coverings on non-avian theropod dinosaurs are becoming commonplace. But the only definitive evidence so far that any of these animals had feathers as we know them today has come from the oviraptorosaur Caudipteryx and the enigmatic coleurosaur Protarchaeopteryx, both of which are considered by some to be secondarily flightless birds. Here we describe the occurrence of pinnate feathers, which clearly feature a rachis and barbs, on a small, non-avian dromaeosaur from northern China. This finding indicates that feathers of modern aspect evolved in dinosaurs before the emergence of birds and flight.     

组合合页式扑翼在悬停状态下的三维仿真分析

通过观察鸟类扑翼飞行的运动特征,研究了一种新型组合合页式扑翼推进技术.介绍了组合合页式扑翼推进技术的基本原理,建立了其运动学和动力学模型;在此基础上,通过联合求解动力学方程和三维纳维斯托克斯方程,对组合合页式扑翼在恒定速度下的低频大行程往复运动进行仿真,以分析组合合页式扑翼在2自由度运动时的运动特征和空气动力学特性.结果表明:所提出的扑翼推进方式在悬停状态下能够产生持续的正升力;在相同的往复速度下,增大运动行程可以降低1个周期内过渡状态所占的比例,但平均升力系数随之减小;当运动频率约为2Hz时,其平均升力系数可以达到3.0以上.     

Chicken welfare is influenced more by housing conditions than by stocking density

Intensive broiler (meat) chicken production now exceeds 800 million birds each year in the United Kingdom and 2 x 10(10) birds worldwide, but it attracts accusations of poor welfare. The European Union is currently adopting standards for broilers aimed at a chief welfare concern--namely, overcrowding--by limiting maximum 'stocking density' (bird weight per unit area). It is not clear, however, whether this will genuinely improve bird welfare because evidence is contradictory. Here we report on broiler welfare in relation to the European Union proposals through a large-scale study (2.7 million birds) with the unprecedented cooperation of ten major broiler producers in an experimental manipulation of stocking density under a range of commercial conditions. Producer companies stocked birds to five different final densities, but otherwise followed company practice, which we recorded in addition to temperature, humidity, litter and air quality. We assessed welfare through mortality, physiology, behaviour and health, with an emphasis on leg health and walking ability. Our results show that differences among producers in the environment that they provide for chickens have more impact on welfare than has stocking density itself.     

南昌市常见鸟类对环境中Cu、Pb、Cd重金属污染物的指示作用研究

鸟类是环境监测的代表性指示生物之一,为研究南昌市Cu、Pb、Cd的重金属污染状况,于2009年4～11月,在南昌市鸟类主要林栖地收集了6种鸟类(牛背鹭、燕子、白鹭、斑鸠、麻雀、白头鹎),用原子吸收法分别测定了这6种鸟类的心、肝、肺、胗、肌肉、绒羽和飞羽样品中Cu、Pb、Cd的含量.结果表明:3种重金属在这6种鸟体内的富集顺序是一致的,即Cu ＞Pb＞Cd;但重金属的富集存在明显的种间差异,6种鸟类的飞羽对这3种重金属富集量的大小各不相同,且富集能力因组织和元素的种类不同而不同;肝脏是Cu和Cd富集的目标器官,肺是Pb富集的目标器官.相同组织中的重金属含量因鸟的年龄大小也有差异,普遍规律是:成鸟＞幼鸟.经与其它地区比较,发现南昌市白鹭的飞羽对Cu、Cd的富集量低于法国Camargue生物圈保护区,而Pb的富集量高于厦门白鹭自然保护区、香港米埔自然保护区和法国Camar-gue生物圈保护区,说明南昌市的Pb污染较严重,而Cu、Cd的污染较轻.     

鸮形目7种鸟类腹部羽毛的扫描电镜观察

在对涉案野生动物的鉴定中,羽毛常作为现场物证成为鉴定依据。为探讨鸮形目7种鸟类腹部羽毛作为鉴定依据的可行性,利用扫描电镜观察其腹部羽毛的羽小枝间距、节间距和节直径等显微结构。结果发现:草鸮科与鸱鸮科鸟类可通过羽小枝间距和节间距鉴定区分。而在物种水平上,羽小枝间距、节间距和节直径等虽然在不同物种间具有高灵敏性的差异,但其种内变异度大,作为鉴定依据还需结合更多的显微结构指标。研究结合涉案动物鉴定的实践应用需求,发现羽毛显微结构具有作为鉴定依据的应用前景。     

中国古代的鸟历

研究少时代的鸟官司,确定凤鸟、玄鸟、伯赵、青鸟、丹鸟一组鸟为一部鸟历(自然历),以区分春夏秋冬,满足当时已进入以稻为业的生产需要.根据民族学资料考证了凤鸟为今之布谷鸟(杜鹃鸟Cuculus).     

北京城区麻雀体内污染物的研究

通过比较重工业区和对照区麻雀（Passer montanus)的肝脏、胸肌和初级飞羽中砷（As)、硒（Se)以及重金属汞（Hg)、铬（Cr)、镉（Cd)、铅（Pb）、锰（Mn)、铜（Cu）的质量分数,探讨了将麻雀作为环境指示物种的可行性。分析结果表明,重工业区麻雀体内污染物的质量分数明显高于对照区;成鸟体内的Hg,Se,Cd,Pb,Cu明显高于幼鸟;重工业区麻雀羽毛中Se,Cd,Pb,Mn和Cu的质量分数显著高于对照区;对比羽毛和其他组织中各元素的聚集量,发现羽毛中Cd,Mn,Cu的质量分数和肝脏、肌肉中的呈显著性正相关,这几种元素在羽毛中的积累和在其他组织中的积累有线性关系。这显示采用麻雀羽毛监测环境中某些元素的污染是可行的,麻雀能够作为城市环境的指示物种。     

Mapping stem cell activities in the feather follicle

It is important to know how different organs 'manage' their stem cells. Both hair and feather follicles show robust regenerative powers that episodically renew the epithelial organ. However, the evolution of feathers (from reptiles to birds) and hairs (from reptiles to mammals) are independent events and their follicular structures result from convergent evolution. Because feathers do not have the anatomical equivalent of a hair follicle bulge, we are interested in determining where their stem cells are localized. By applying long-term label retention, transplantation and DiI tracing to map stem cell activities, here we show that feather follicles contain slow-cycling long-term label-retaining cells (LRCs), transient amplifying cells and differentiating keratinocytes. Each population, located in anatomically distinct regions, undergoes dynamic homeostasis during the feather cycle. In the growing follicle, LRCs are enriched in a 'collar bulge' niche. In the moulting follicle, LRCs shift to populate a papillar ectoderm niche near the dermal papilla. On transplantation, LRCs show multipotentiality. In a three-dimensional view, LRCs are configured as a ring that is horizontally placed in radially symmetric feathers but tilted in bilaterally symmetric feathers. The changing topology of stem cell activities may contribute to the construction of complex feather forms.     

基于神经网络的跨音速非定常气动力的辨识

利用递归神经网络(RNN)模型具有时间记忆性,且会考虑之前的输入输出对当前输出影响的特点,以递归神经网络方法建立了NACA0012翼型在跨音速阶段的非定常气动力模型;利用CFD计算NACA0012翼型绕其刚心作变频俯仰运动的跨音速气动力系数为训练数据,建立跨音速非定常气动力模型。以建立的跨音速非定常气动力模型预测NACA0012翼型作俯仰简谐振动的气动力系数,并与CFD计算的气动力系数进行对比。结果表明,该模型具备优良的逼近非线性非定常气动力的能力;针对跨音速二维翼型,该模型相比CFD可以更快速地构建,并能迅速且较为准确地预测不同频率下作简谐振动时的气动力。