氧化石墨烯-单壁碳纳米管复合物的超电容性能研究

以氧化石墨烯(GO)作为表面活性剂分散原始的单壁碳纳米管(SWNT),采用超声、冷冻干燥的办法得到氧化石墨烯-单壁碳纳米管复合物,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和电化学测试对样品的形貌、结构、组成以及电化学性质进行表征.结果表明:氧化石墨烯-单壁碳纳米管复合物电化学性质得到了显著的提高,通过调节单壁碳管与GO的比例,发现SWNT质量为GO的10%时,得到的复合材料具有最好的超电容储能特性,在6mol·L~(-1)的KOH电解液中,0.5A·g~(-1)电流密度下其比电容可达155F·g~(-1),是相同条件下GO比电容(81.5F·g~(-1))的1.9倍,这种简单的方法获得的GO-SWNT复合材料在能量存储装置方面展现了广阔的应用前景.     

植物结构铝基复合材料的制备及热学性能

为研制新型复合材料,将植物结构引入到金属基复合材料的制备中.该文以柳桉木材为模板,先将其转变为多孔碳,再通过铝合金和硅树脂的浸渍,制备了具有木材结构的Al/C、Al/(SiC+C)两种铝基复合材料,并通过扫面电镜、热膨胀仪和导热仪对复合材料的微观结构、热膨胀性能及导热性能进行了研究,建立了导热模型.结果发现该复合材料的结构由所选模板的结构决定,这与以往结构完全由人为控制的金属基复合材料不同;并且其热膨胀系数明显低于铝合金,导热系数(98.2和95.4 W·m~(-1)·K~(-1))远高于由木材转化的多孔碳(2.22 W·m~(-1)·K~(-1)).     

Co-Mn 金属有机骨架衍生的双金属硫化物及其在锂离子电池负极材料中的应用

介绍了一种通过简单的室温搅拌合成具有多孔结构的 Co-Mn 金属有机框架(metal-organic-framework, MOF)材料的方法, 并对制备的双金属 MOF 进行气相硫化, 得到多孔 CoS介绍了一种通过简单的室温搅拌合成具有多孔结构的Co-Mn金属有机框架(metalorganic-framework,MOF)材料的方法,并对制备的双金属MOF进行气相硫化,得到多孔CoS_2/MnS双金属复合材料.与相同方法制备的单金属MnS与CoS2材料对比发现,CoS_2/MnS双金属复合材料表现出了类似花瓣状的多孔片状结构以及更小的粒径,在作为锂离子电池电极材料使用时表现出了最好的储锂性能.这主要归因于类花瓣状的多孔结构:一方面为锂离子提供了更短的传输路径以及更多的接触位点;另一方面也缓解了材料锂化/去锂化过程的体积变化.此外,两种金属硫化物的有机结合也抑制了材料在循环过程中由于体积变化而导致的容量快速衰减.最后,MOF有机配体衍生的碳骨架也为增强材料的导电性起到了积极的作用.     

网络互穿金属/高分子复合材料的制备方法及性能研究进展

网络互穿金属/高分子复合材料(IMPC)是一种以三维多孔金属以及多孔高分子网络为主要成分的材料.不同于传统的金属纤维或颗粒增强复合材料,其金属相与高分子相在宏观与微观结构上都各自具有拓扑连续性的网络结构,且相互缠结和贯穿.这使得IMPC中的各相材料在保留自身特性的同时还可相互协同,取长补短,从而使复合材料发挥出更大的性能优势.本文主要概述了IMPC的制备方法及其性能的研究进展,指出了多孔结构的金属在增强金属/高分子复合材料中的优势,展望了IMPC在金属/高分子复合材料的发展前景.     

石墨烯负载Zn2GeO4光催化剂的制备及其 降解有机污染物的性能研究

采用溶剂热法制备Zn_2Ge O_4纳米晶;并将其负载到氧化石墨烯(GO)上。通过两步水热法制备了一系列Zn_2Ge O_4/GO复合光催化剂。利用X-射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、紫外可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)等手段对催化剂的结构、形貌及光学性能进行了表征;并以罗丹明B(Rh B)作为目标降解污染物,对其进行了光催化性能测试。结果表明,Zn_2Ge O_4纳米晶均匀地分散在GO上,与单纯的Zn_2Ge O_4纳米晶相比,Zn_2Ge O_4/GO复合物的光催化性能有了明显的提高。当GO质量分数为5%时,罗丹明B降解率达到95.21%;且经过5次循环使用后,仍然保持较高的光催化活性,具有良好的稳定性。     

Biotemplated fabrication of hierarchical mesoporous CeO2 derived from diatom and its application for catalytic oxidation of CO

Hierarchically hollow nanostructures have been the focus of numerous studies due to their prominent physicochemical properties that differ significantly from bulk materials and their potential for extensive applications. We present a novel diatom-based scaffold for the synthesis of hierarchically biomorphic CeO2 with special porous structure via incorporating Ce ions into the frustule. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption measure- ments were adopted to characterize the products. Owing to its unique hierarchical structure and periodic meso-macro scale features, the obtained CeO2 exhibits high catalytic activity in CO oxidation. This facile strategy may design a new way towards replicating desired biological structures for metal oxide catalyst in other potential applications.     

Studies on the effects of pre-firing and sintering temperature on NSDC nanocomposite electrolytes

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) technology, with fuel flexibility, is one of the most promising power generation technology. However, the high operating temperature of SOFCs has hindered their commercial applications. As a crucial requirement to enhance its performance, SOFCs electrolytes should operate at a low temperature. Carbonate/ceria composites are developed as electrolytes for low operating temperature SOFCs, and a better understanding of the mechanism of its ionic conductivity serves this purpose. In this work, ceria-carbonate composite electrolyte, Na₂CO₃/samarium doped ceria (NSDC) were synthesized by the co-precipitation method. The synthesized electrolytes were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The XRD and SEM results showed that the sintered NSDC nanocomposite comprised a single-phase dense electrolyte structure. The crystallite size of the NSDC nanocomposite was greatly affected by the different pre-firing temperatures and different sintering temperatures. Also, the ionic conductivity of the prepared NSDC nanocomposite electrolytes was strongly dependent on the pre-firing and sintering temperatures. The NSDC nanocomposite electrolytes were pre-fired at 950 ?°C and 650 ?°C and sintered at 1200 ?°C and 900 ?°C respectively, had ionic conductivity in H₂ and air high as 0.36 ?S/cm and 0.3 ?S/cm.     

聚合物B位前驱体法制备锆钛酸铅纳米复相陶瓷微观结构

采用前驱体法合成了钙钛矿型B位离子氧化物固溶体,以此作为B位先驱体与碳酸铅通过固相反应在740℃合成A位缺铅的亚稳态钙钛矿型锆钛酸铅(PZT)固溶体.烧结过程中纳米级四方和单斜ZrO2纳米粒子从固溶体中析出.借助X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜和透射电镜对物相、组成和微观结构进行了分析.随ZrO2的加入量增加,断口从沿晶穿晶混合断裂变为穿晶断裂.研究表明,采用聚合物B位前驱体法成功制备出内晶型锆钛酸铅纳米复相陶瓷.     

电喷湿法制备二醋酸纤维素/硫化锌复合纳米粒子

二醋酸纤维素(CDA)/硫化铵((NH4)2S)复合溶液以丙酮为溶剂,在高压静电场力的作用下,喷射到对应的接收溶液ZnSO4中,通过水洗得到粒径分布比较均匀的CDA/ZnS复合纳米粒子.借助光学显微镜及扫描电镜(SEM)观察CDA/ZnS复合纳米粒子的微观形态,CDA质量分数大小较(NH4)2S质量分数对复合粒子粒径影响更大.利用透射电镜(TEM)观察发现ZnS被包覆在有机载体CDA小球中,尺寸大约为5～30nm.对试验产物进行X射线衍射(XRD)表征,证明产物同时含有CDA及ZnS.     

Influence of Dispersion of Nano-ZnO Particles in Polymer Matrices on Properties of Relevant Nano Composite Fibers

IntroductionIt is well knownthat nanoparticles have rich propertiesand are useful for functional composites . The nanometricsize ,leading to huge specific surface area up to or morethan1 000m2/g ,andtheir unique properties have attractedintensive interests . Thus many articles have elucidated thepreparation of polymer matrix nanocomposites( PMNC)[1 6]. Polymers are very i mportant matricesbecause of their flexibility and easy processing .Nanoparticles i mpart larger-size congeries because of…     

分级多孔结构NiO/ZnO复合材料制备及其甲醛气敏性能

以向日葵秸秆为生物模板合成一种新型的分级多孔结构氧化镍掺杂氧化锌纳米复合材料(Bio NiO/ZnO),利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对复合材料的组成和结构进行表征.实验结果表明,合成的Bio NiO/ZnO保存了向日葵秸秆材料的原始分级多孔结构,该结构由大量尺寸和形状一致的六方晶系纤锌矿型结构的氧化镍与立方晶系文石相结构的氧化镍球形颗粒堆积组成.与未掺杂的ZnO材料相比,Bio NiO/ZnO复合材料制作的气敏传感器对甲醛具有增强的气敏性能.在240℃的工作温度下,该气体传感器对10^-4的甲醛的响应为42,响应和恢复时间分别为7 s和6 s.检测的下限为1.48×10^-4,与复合物的氧空位浓度增加和两相间p-n型异质结的存在有关.     

一步法制备体心立方结构的介孔碳／氧化硅纳米复合材料

以酚醛树脂预聚体（Res01）为碳源前驱体,嵌段共聚物聚氧乙烯-聚氧丙烯-聚氧乙烯（PEO-PPO-PEO,F127）和聚二甲基硅氧烷-聚氧乙烯（PDMS-PEO）为混合模板剂,采用溶剂挥发诱导自组装（EISA）方法制备了有序介孔碳-氧化硅纳米复合材料,并进一步采用小角X射线散射（SAXS）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）和氮气吸脱附分析对所制备样品的结构和组成进行表征．结果表明,所制备的介孔碳／氧化硅纳米复合材料具有体心立方Im3m结构,其BET比表面积、总孔容和孔径分别为l410m^2／g,1．12cm^3／g和5．4nm．     

Three-dimensional interconnected cobalt oxide-carbon hollow spheres arrays as cathode materials for hybrid batteries

Hierarchical porous metal oxides arrays is critical for development of advanced energy storage devices. Herein, we report a facile template-assisted electro-deposition plus glucose decomposition method for synthesis of multilayer CoO/C hollow spheres arrays. The CoO/C arrays consist of multilayer interconnected hollow composite spheres with diameters of ～350 nm as well as thin walls of ～20 nm. Hierarchical hollow spheres architecture with 3D porous networks are achieved. As cathode of high-rate hybrid batteries, the multilayer CoO/C hollow sphere arrays exhibit impressive enhanced performances with a high capacity (73.5 mAh g?1 at 2 A g?1), and stable high-rate cycling life (70 mAh g?1 after 12,500 cycles at 2 A g?1). The improved electrochemical performance is owing to the composite hollow-sphere architecture with high contact area between the active materials and electrolyte as well as fast ion/electron transportation path.     

球形多孔氧化钴/碳复合材料的制备及电容性能研究

采用水热合成和煅烧制备氧化钴/碳(Co3O4/C)复合材料,通过SEM、XRD、N2吸附实验等对该材料进行表征.制备的Co3O4/C复合材料为5μm大小,孔径约为30nm的多孔球形结构.在6mol/L的氢氧化钾溶液中进行电化学测试.结果表明,Co3O4/C复合材料具有良好的电容性能.在电流密度为1A/g时,比电容为143F/g.此外,Co3O4/C复合材料还表现出良好的循环稳定性,在1A/g的电流密度下,充放电循环1000次后,比电容保持率为77.8%.     

Synthesis of urchin-like Sn–ZnO–C composite and its enhanced electrochemical performance for lithium-ion batteries

Urchin-like Sn–ZnO–C composite have been successfully prepared by thermal annealing of ZnSn(OH)6precursor in acetylene/argon gas(1/9;v/v).The phase of the urchin-like Sn–ZnO–C has been characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD)and Raman spectrum.The images of scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and transmission electron microscope(TEM)demonstrate that the Sn–ZnO–C composite with an average of 3 lm in diameter is composed of many core–shell nanowires and carbon nanotubes emanated from the center.The thermal annealing temperature and time have crucial effects on the formation of urchin-like structure and carbon content of the Sn–ZnO–C composites.As an anode for lithium-ion batteries,the urchin-like Sn–ZnO–C composite delivers a discharge capacity of 1,034.5 mAh/g in initial cycle and 571.9 mAh/g reversible discharge capacity after 25 cycles at a current density of 50 mA/g.The superior energy storage properties highlight the urchin-like Sn–ZnO–C composite as a potential alternative anode material in lithium-ion batteries.     

带参数的渐近线性椭圆方程组解的分歧性

利用Lyapunov-Schmidt约化方法结合Rabinowitz大范围分歧理论,研究了一类带有参数的渐近线性椭圆方程组正、负解的存在性以及分歧性。首先给出了由正、负解所组成的连续统在分歧点附近的存在性,结合非线性项的合理假设,进而给出了连续统在分歧点附近沿着λ方向的分歧性态。     

Li4Ti5O12/石墨负极材料的湿法制备与电化学表征

以无水乙醇为溶剂,醋酸锂、钛酸丁酯和石墨为原料,采用湿法制备了Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/石墨复合材料.采用X-射线衍射、红外光谱、扫描电镜和电化学测试等对合成产物进行了表征.结果表明：600 ℃氩气气氛中煅烧6 h可制得碳质量分数5%左右的Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/石墨复合材料,其可逆容量达到167.1 mAh·g^-1;经80次循环后,0.1C放电时,容量保持率为99.0%,2.0 C放电时容量保持率达到105.1%.与纯Li₄Ti₅O₁₂相比,Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/石墨复合材料具有更好的循环性能和倍率性能,是一种优良的锂离子电池负极材料.     

RGO/NiCo_2O_4复合电极材料制备及电化学性能研究

采用层-层自组装法制备了前驱体RGO/Ni-Co@Ni-foam(泡沫镍负载石墨烯/镍-钴金属化合物),并在高温下煅烧得到RGO/NiCo_2O_4@Ni-foam复合电极材料。运用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜以及能谱仪对多孔RGO/NiCo_2O_4@Ni-foam复合材料进行结构表征,并通过循环伏安、恒流充放电等测试方法考察了其作为电极材料的电化学性能。结果表明,制备的多孔RGO/NiCo_2O_4@Ni-foam复合电极材料的比电容在电流密度为0.5A/g时可达到444F/g,并且在经过1 000次循环实验后,比电容仍有342F/g。这表明多孔RGO/NiCo_2O_4@Ni-foam复合材料在超级电容器领域具有广阔的应用前景。     

A class of non-precious metal composite catalysts for fuel cells

Fuel cells, as devices for direct conversion of the chemical energy of a fuel into electricity by electrochemical reactions, are among the key enabling technologies for the transition to a hydrogen-based economy. Of several different types of fuel cells under development today, polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) have been recognized as a potential future power source for zero-emission vehicles. However, to become commercially viable, PEFCs have to overcome the barrier of high catalyst cost caused by the exclusive use of platinum and platinum-based catalysts in the fuel-cell electrodes. Here we demonstrate a new class of low-cost (non-precious metal)/(heteroatomic polymer) nanocomposite catalysts for the PEFC cathode, capable of combining high oxygen-reduction activity with good performance durability. Without any optimization, the cobalt-polypyrrole composite catalyst enables power densities of about 0.15 W cm(-2) in H2-O2 fuel cells and displays no signs of performance degradation for more than 100 hours. The results of this study show that heteroatomic polymers can be used not only to stabilize the non-precious metal in the acidic environment of the PEFC cathode but also to generate active sites for oxygen reduction reaction.     

聚吡咯/氧化石墨复合材料的电化学电容性能

以改进的Hummer法制备氧化石墨(GO),用原位聚合法合成聚吡咯/氧化石墨(Ppy/GO)复合物,运用CV和CP法测试电化学性能,并以XRD,FTIR,SEM分析材料的结构形貌.结果表明:(1)Ppy/GO复合物具有较好的电化学电容性能.当电流密度为0.5A.g-1时,复合物在1mol.L-1 H2SO4溶液中的比电容可达358.93F.g-1.(2)Ppy/GO复合物较Ppy有更好的循环稳定性和倍率充放电性能.当扫描速率分别为10,20,50mV.s-1时,复合物电极的循环伏安曲线均呈现出良好的矩形特征,并能保持一致性,而在相同扫描速率下,Ppy的循环伏安曲线不稳定;当电流密度分别为1,2,5A.g-1时,复合物的比电容分别达204.71,130.82,60.21F.g-1,高于相同条件下Ppy的178.05,123.89,46.52F.g-1.以上说明将聚吡咯与氧化石墨形成复合物有利于改善聚吡咯的电化学电容性能.